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Understanding Alteration to Surface Cover in Developing Urban Heat Island: Enhancing City Climate Change Adaptation Capacity, Quezon City, Philippines

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Handbook of Climate Change Management

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Abstract

The Philippines and its cities are on their fastest pace towards urbanization. For example, Quezon City (QC) is developing aggressively and the effects of urbanization, that is, replacement of vegetation by building structures change the microclimate, which as a result raises summer temperatures by up to 7 °C. Primarily, two major impacts have been identified and extensively studied. First, urbanization affects climate; where cities tend to expel more heat compared to the nearby rural areas. This is known as Urban Heat Island (UHI); the second is that urbanization affects hydrology where cities have an increased rate of surface runoff which results in flooding. If Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) is to be attained by future cities, people must learn to minimize the onslaught of these effects. It is done by mapping Urban Morphology Types (UMT) of Barangay Greater Lagro, QC, using Geographic Information System (GIS). The findings revealed that 84% of Barangay is currently impervious, 7% is bare soil, and 9% is evapotranspiring. Further, surface temperature and runoff (STAR) tools are used. It is revealed that at 90% probability with “green infrastructure to land cover scenario,” the indicative maximum surface temperature in 2050 is at 37.2 °C. On the other hand, a “business as usual land cover scenario,” the temperature spiked up to 43 °C. With similar scenarios, there would be an increase in surface runoff resulting in higher flooding incidences with high precipitation. Thus, a Green Infrastructure Action Plan (GIAP) is recommended to prevent future surface runoff and to avert the development of expected UHI.

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Abbreviations

BCRD:

Barangay and Community Relations Department

BPLD:

Business Permit and Licensing Department

CAD:

City Architect Department

CBD:

City Budget Department

CC:

Climate Change

CCAM:

Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation

CPDO:

City Planning and Development Department

DBO:

Department of the Building Official

DILG:

Department Interior and Local Government

DJF:

December January February

EPA:

Environmental Protection Agency

EPWMD:

Environmental Protection and Waste Management Department

GIAP:

Green Infrastructure Action Plan

GIS:

Geographic Information System

GRaBS:

Green and Blue Space

HCDRD:

Housing Community Development and Resettlement Department

JJA:

June July August

LCCAP:

Local Climate Change Action Plan

LGU:

Local Government Unit(s)

MAM:

March April May

NCCAP:

National Climate Change Action Plan

NCR:

National Capital Region

OBS:

Observation

OCM:

Office of the Mayor

PAGASA:

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

PDAD:

Parks Development and Administration Department

QC:

Quezon City

QCED:

Quezon City Engineering Department

RSCLUDP:

Risk Sensitive Comprehensive Land Use and Development Planning

RWH:

Rainwater harvesting

SON:

September October November

SSDD:

Social Services Development Department

STAR:

Surface Temperature and Runoff

UHI:

Urban Heat Island

UK:

United Kingdom

UMT:

Urban Morphology Types

UN-HABITAT:

United Nations Human Settlements Program

UP SURP:

University of the Philippines, School of Urban and Regional Planning

USF:

Urban Sustainability Framework

References

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Acknowledgments

We would also like to extend our thanks to the President and Dean of PSBA, Manila Dr. Jose F. Peralta, and the Quezon City Government for providing overall moral, financial, and technical support for this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Urban and Regional Planning, University of the Philippines, Diliman Quezon City & Philippine School of Business Administration, Manila, Philippines

    Tabassam Raza

  2. School of Urban and Regional Planning, University of the Philippines, Diliman Quezon City & Quezon City Task Force on Solid Waste Management, Quezon City, Philippines

    Thess Khaz S. Raza

  3. School of Urban and Regional Planning, University of the Philippines, Diliman Quezon City, Quezon City, Philippines

    Jun T. Castro, Carmelita R. E. U. Liwag & Hussain S. Lidasan

Authors
  1. Tabassam Raza
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  2. Thess Khaz S. Raza
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  3. Jun T. Castro
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  4. Carmelita R. E. U. Liwag
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  5. Hussain S. Lidasan
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tabassam Raza .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. FTZ-ALS, HAW Hamburg, Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

    Walter Leal Filho

  2. School of Social Sciences, CHC Higher Education, Carindale, Australia

    Johannes Luetz

  3. Center for Food Security Studies, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Desalegn Ayal

Annex A

Annex A

Procedure on Classify Urban Morphology Type

Urban Morphology is the study of the form of human settlements and, generally, the unconscious emerging of successive building activity. It is a form in the metropolitan area that focuses on the physical characteristics, roughness of the towns’/cities’ urban activities, and planning action. Also, it is an aspect of urbanism that emphasizes building types, thoroughfares, open space, and different form of land uses in the environment. At the end of this exercise, the user is expected to:

  1. (a)

    Categorize/aggregate land use into different urban morphology type classification.

  2. (b)

    Calculate land area of different urban morphology types.

The screenshots used in the preparation of the following training procedure are produced under the ArcGIS Online subscription ID: 849625938, PSBA.

  1. (I)

    Categorize land use data into Urban Morphology Classification

    1. 1.

      Open ArcMap.

    2. 2.

      Load the QC_District1_ELU shapefile using the Add Data icon . (Figure) Browse on your working folder (..:\crModule 2\Data) and search for the QC_District1_ELU shapefile, the file that ends in .shp.

figure b
  1. 3.

    Create a copy of the ELU shapefile by right-clicking the layer and selecting Data > Export Data.

figure c
  1. 4.

    Browse into your working folder (..:\crActivity 2\Data) and save the file as “QC_District1_UM.shp” to indicate that this shapefile contains the urban morphology data.

figure d
  1. 5.

    The following dialog box will appear. Select Yes to add the exported data to the current workspace.

figure e
  1. 6.

    In the Table of Contents, right-click the layer QC_District1_UM.shp and select Open Attribute Table.

  2. 7.

    The Table window will appear. Add a new field by clicking on Table Options and selecting Add Field.

figure f
  1. 8.

    Create a new field with properties as shown in the figure below (Name: EXPO_UNIT, Type: Text, Length: 50).

figure g
  1. 9.

    To be able to fill entries on the new field, enable editing for your “Urban Morphology” shapefile by right-clicking the layer and selecting Edit Features > Start Editing. You should now be able to enter or edit data into the attribute table.

figure h
  1. 10.

    For each land use, we now encode the different urban morphology types we are going to use. Encode its corresponding Code on the “UM” field. We are going to use two different categories, classification for surface temperature and surface runoff .

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Raza, T., Raza, T.K.S., Castro, J.T., Liwag, C.R.E.U., Lidasan, H.S. (2021). Understanding Alteration to Surface Cover in Developing Urban Heat Island: Enhancing City Climate Change Adaptation Capacity, Quezon City, Philippines. In: Leal Filho, W., Luetz, J., Ayal, D. (eds) Handbook of Climate Change Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22759-3_294-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22759-3_294-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-22759-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-22759-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Earth and Environm. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences

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