Abstract
Tolerance has been defined as graft-specific survival in the absence of continued immunosuppression. The mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance are discussed in this review, as well as the barriers and limitations in achieving graft-specific tolerance. The need remains for definitive laboratory assays to determine the presence of a tolerant state. Genetic biomarker analysis pre-transplant may allow for better donor: recipient matching, lessening the need for immunosuppression, while post-transplant analysis of biomarkers, certain cytokines, and regulatory leukocytes may permit minimally invasive assessment of graft function and potentially, of graft-specific tolerance.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Murray JE, Tilney NL, Wilson RE (1976) Renal transplantation: a twenty-five year experience. Ann Surg 184(5):565–573
Billingham RE, Brent L, Medawar PB (1953) Actively acquired tolerance of foreign cells. Nature 172(4379):603–606
Sachs DH (2011) Transplant tolerance: bench to bedside–26th annual Samuel Jason Mixter Lecture. Arch Surg 146(5):501–505
Hogquist KA, Baldwin TA, Jameson SC (2005) Central tolerance: learning self-control in the thymus. Nat Rev Immunol 5(10):772–782
Mueller DL (2010) Mechanisms maintaining peripheral tolerance. Nat Immunol 11(1): 21–27
Wood KJ, Sakaguchi S (2003) Regulatory T cells in transplantation tolerance. Nat Rev Immunol 3(3):199–210
Sayegh MH, Remuzzi G (2007) Clinical update: immunosuppression minimisation. Lancet 369(9574):1676–1678
Suchin EJ, Langmuir PB, Palmer E et al (2001) Quantifying the frequency of alloreactive T cells in vivo: new answers to an old question. J Immunol 166(2):973–981
Ford ML, Larsen CP (2011) Overcoming the memory barrier in tolerance induction: molecular mimicry and functional heterogeneity among pathogen-specific T-cell populations. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 15(4):405–410
Du W, Shen H, Galan A et al (2011) An age-specific CD8+ T cell pathway that impairs the effectiveness of strategies to prolong allograft survival. J Immunol 187(7):3631–3640
Mulley WR, Kanellis J (2011) Understanding crossmatch testing in organ transplantation: a case-based guide for the general nephrologist. Nephrology (Carlton) 16(2):125–133
Karpinski M, Rush D, Jeffery J et al (2001) Flow cytometric crossmatching in primary renal transplant recipients with a negative anti-human globulin enhanced cytotoxicity crossmatch. J Am Soc Nephrol 12(12): 2807–2814
Fanning LR, Hegerfeldt Y, Tary-Lehmann M et al (2008) Allogeneic transplantation of multiple umbilical cord blood units in adults: role of pretransplant-mixed lymphocyte reaction to predict host-vs-graft rejection. Leukemia 22(9):1786–1790
Ashokkumar C, Talukdar A, Sun Q et al (2009) Allospecific CD154+ T cells associate with rejection risk after pediatric liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 9(1): 179–191
Takeda A, Horike K, Ohtsuka Y et al (2011) Current problems of chronic active antibody-mediated rejection. Clin Transplant 25(Suppl 23):2–5
Schutz A, Breuer M, Kemkes BM (1997) Antimyosin antibodies in cardiac rejection. Ann Thorac Surg 63(2):578–581
Zhang Q, Reed EF (2010) Non-MHC antigenic targets of the humoral immune response in transplantation. Curr Opin Immunol 22(5):682–688
Roedder S, Vitalone M, Khatri P et al (2011) Biomarkers in solid organ transplantation: establishing personalized transplantation medicine. Genome Med 3(6):37
Israni A, Leduc R, Holmes J et al (2010) Single-nucleotide polymorphisms, acute rejection, and severity of tubulitis in kidney transplantation, accounting for center-to-center variation. Transplantation 90(12):1401–1408
Sagoo P, Perucha E, Sawitzki B et al (2010) Development of a cross-platform biomarker signature to detect renal transplant tolerance in humans. J Clin Invest 120(6):1848–1861
Newell KA, Asare A, Kirk AD et al (2010) Identification of a B cell signature associated with renal transplant tolerance in humans. J Clin Invest 120(6):1836–1847
Martinez-Llordella M, Lozano JJ, Puig-Pey I et al (2008) Using transcriptional profiling to develop a diagnostic test of operational tolerance in liver transplant recipients. J Clin Invest 118(8):2845–2857
Hartono C, Muthukumar T, Suthanthiran M (2010) Noninvasive diagnosis of acute rejection of renal allografts. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 15(1):35–41
Afaneh C, Muthukumar T, Lubetzky M et al (2010) Urinary cell levels of mRNA for OX40, OX40L, PD-1, PD-L1, or PD-L2 and acute rejection of human renal allografts. Transplantation 90(12):1381–1387
van Ham SM, Heutinck KM, Jorritsma T et al (2010) Urinary granzyme A mRNA is a biomarker to diagnose subclinical and acute cellular rejection in kidney transplant recipients. Kidney Int 78(10):1033–1040
Muthukumar T, Dadhania D, Ding R et al (2005) Messenger RNA for FOXP3 in the urine of renal-allograft recipients. N Engl J Med 353(22):2342–2351
Kamoun M, Boyd JC (2006) Urinary FOXP3 messenger RNA and renal-allograft rejection. N Engl J Med 354(21):2291–2293, author reply 2291-2293
Hu H, Aizenstein BD, Puchalski A et al (2004) Elevation of CXCR3-binding chemokines in urine indicates acute renal-allograft dysfunction. Am J Transplant 4(3):432–437
Jackson JA, Kim EJ, Begley B et al (2011) Urinary chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 are noninvasive markers of renal allograft rejection and BK viral infection. Am J Transplant 11(10):2228–2234
Ho J, Rush DN, Gibson IW et al (2010) Early urinary CCL2 is associated with the later development of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy in renal allografts. Transplantation 90(4):394–400
Li Y, Koshiba T, Yoshizawa A et al (2004) Analyses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in operational tolerance after pediatric living donor liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 4(12):2118–2125
Martinez-Llordella M, Puig-Pey I, Orlando G et al (2007) Multiparameter immune profiling of operational tolerance in liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 7(2):309–319
Brouard S, Mansfield E, Braud C et al (2007) Identification of a peripheral blood transcriptional biomarker panel associated with operational renal allograft tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104(39):15448–15453
Benitez C, Lozano JJ, Fueyo AS (2009) Gene expression profiling and transplantation tolerance in the clinic. Transplantation 88(3 Suppl):S50–S53
Curotto de Lafaille MA, Lafaille JJ (2009) Natural and adaptive foxp3+ regulatory T cells: more of the same or a division of labor? Immunity 30(5):626–635
Schliesser U, Streitz M, Sawitzki B (2012) Tregs: application for solid-organ transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 17(1): 34–41
Peters JH, Hilbrands LB, Koenen HJ et al (2008) Ex vivo generation of human alloantigen-specific regulatory T cells from CD4(pos)CD25(high) T cells for immunotherapy. PLoS One 3(5):e2233
Sagoo P, Ali N, Garg G et al (2011) Human regulatory T cells with alloantigen specificity are more potent inhibitors of alloimmune skin graft damage than polyclonal regulatory T cells. Sci Transl Med 3(83):83ra42
Kawai T, Cosimi AB, Spitzer TR et al (2008) HLA-mismatched renal transplantation without maintenance immunosuppression. N Engl J Med 358(4):353–361
Di Ianni M, Falzetti F, Carotti A et al (2011) Tregs prevent GVHD and promote immune reconstitution in HLA-haploidentical transplantation. Blood 117(14):3921–3928
Demirkiran A, Bosma BM, Kok A et al (2007) Allosuppressive donor CD4 + CD25+ regulatory T cells detach from the graft and circulate in recipients after liver transplantation. J Immunol 178(10):6066–6072
Kmieciak M, Gowda M, Graham L et al (2009) Human T cells express CD25 and Foxp3 upon activation and exhibit effector/memory phenotypes without any regulatory/suppressor function. J Transl Med 7:89
Zheng Y, Manzotti CN, Burke F et al (2008) Acquisition of suppressive function by activated human CD4+ CD25- T cells is associated with the expression of CTLA-4 not FoxP3. J Immunol 181(3):1683–1691
Goni O, Alcaide P, Fresno M (2002) Immunosuppression during acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection: involvement of Ly6G (Gr1(+))CD11b(+)immature myeloid suppressor cells. Int Immunol 14(10):1125–1134
Giordanengo L, Guinazu N, Stempin C et al (2002) Cruzipain, a major Trypanosoma cruzi antigen, conditions the host immune response in favor of parasite. Eur J Immunol 32(4):1003–1011
Voisin MB, Buzoni-Gatel D, Bout D et al (2004) Both expansion of regulatory GR1+ CD11b + myeloid cells and anergy of T lymphocytes participate in hyporesponsiveness of the lung-associated immune system during acute toxoplasmosis. Infect Immun 72(9):5487–5492
Mencacci A, Montagnoli C, Bacci A et al (2002) CD80 + Gr-1+ myeloid cells inhibit development of antifungal Th1 immunity in mice with candidiasis. J Immunol 169(6):3180–3190
Kerr EC, Raveney BJ, Copland DA et al (2008) Analysis of retinal cellular infiltrate in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis reveals multiple regulatory cell populations. J Autoimmun 31(4):354–361
Nicholson LB, Raveney BJ, Munder M (2009) Monocyte dependent regulation of autoimmune inflammation. Curr Mol Med 9(1):23–29
Haile LA, von Wasielewski R, Gamrekelashvili J et al (2008) Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in inflammatory bowel disease: a new immunoregulatory pathway. Gastroenterology 135(3):871–881, 881 e871–875
Llopiz D, Dotor J, Casares N et al (2009) Peptide inhibitors of transforming growth factor-beta enhance the efficacy of antitumor immunotherapy. Int J Cancer 125(11):2614–2623
Serafini P, De Santo C, Marigo I et al (2004) Derangement of immune responses by myeloid suppressor cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 53(2):64–72
Rodriguez PC, Ochoa AC (2008) Arginine regulation by myeloid derived suppressor cells and tolerance in cancer: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Immunol Rev 222:180–191
Sauer H, Wartenberg M, Hescheler J (2001) Reactive oxygen species as intracellular messengers during cell growth and differentiation. Cell Physiol Biochem 11(4):173–186
Szuster-Ciesielska A, Hryciuk-Umer E, Stepulak A et al (2004) Reactive oxygen species production by blood neutrophils of patients with laryngeal carcinoma and antioxidative enzyme activity in their blood. Acta Oncol 43(3):252–258
Boros P, Ochando JC, Chen SH et al (2010) Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: natural regulators for transplant tolerance. Hum Immunol 71(11):1061–1066
Dilek N, van Rompaey N, Le Moine A et al (2010) Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 15:765–768
Chou HS, Hsieh CC, Charles R et al (2011) Myeloid-derived suppressor cells protect islet transplants by B7-H1 mediated enhancement of T regulatory cells. Transplantation 93(3):272–282
Adeegbe D, Serafini P, Bronte V et al (2010) In vivo induction of myeloid suppressor cells and CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells prolongs skin allograft survival in mice. Cell Transplant 20(6):941–954
Zhou Z, French DL, Ma G et al (2010) Development and function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells generated from mouse embryonic and hematopoietic stem cells. Stem Cells 28(3):620–632
Dugast AS, Haudebourg T, Coulon F et al (2008) Myeloid-derived suppressor cells accumulate in kidney allograft tolerance and specifically suppress effector T cell expansion. J Immunol 180(12):7898–7906
Garcia MR, Ledgerwood L, Yang Y et al (2010) Monocytic suppressive cells mediate cardiovascular transplantation tolerance in mice. J Clin Invest 120(7):2486–2496
Gabrilovich DI, Nagaraj S (2009) Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 9(3):162–174
Banchereau J, Steinman RM (1998) Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature 392(6673):245–252
Jonuleit H, Schmitt E, Schuler G et al (2000) Induction of interleukin 10-producing, nonproliferating CD4(+) T cells with regulatory properties by repetitive stimulation with allogeneic immature human dendritic cells. J Exp Med 192(9):1213–1222
Olszewski WL (2003) Tolerogenic properties of dendritic cells in allografting. Ann Transplant 8(4):5–9
Gandhi R, Anderson DE, Weiner HL (2007) Cutting edge: immature human dendritic cells express latency-associated peptide and inhibit T cell activation in a TGF-beta-dependent manner. J Immunol 178(7):4017–4021
Tuettenberg A, Huter E, Hubo M et al (2009) The role of ICOS in directing T cell responses: ICOS-dependent induction of T cell anergy by tolerogenic dendritic cells. J Immunol 182(6):3349–3356
Steinman RM, Turley S, Mellman I et al (2000) The induction of tolerance by dendritic cells that have captured apoptotic cells. J Exp Med 191(3):411–416
Misra N, Bayry J, Lacroix-Desmazes S et al (2004) Cutting edge: human CD4 + CD25+ T cells restrain the maturation and antigen-presenting function of dendritic cells. J Immunol 172(8):4676–4680
Thomson AW, Robbins PD (2008) Tolerogenic dendritic cells for autoimmune disease and transplantation. Ann Rheum Dis 67(Suppl 3):iii90–iii96
van Kooten C, Lombardi G, Gelderman KA et al (2011) Dendritic cells as a tool to induce transplantation tolerance: obstacles and opportunities. Transplantation 91(1):2–7
Otter D, Cao M, Lin HM et al (2011) Identification of urinary biomarkers of colon inflammation in IL10-/- mice using Short-Column LCMS metabolomics. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011:974701
Shull MM, Ormsby I, Kier AB et al (1992) Targeted disruption of the mouse transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene results in multifocal inflammatory disease. Nature 359(6397):693–699
Kulkarni AB, Huh CG, Becker D et al (1993) Transforming growth factor beta 1 null mutation in mice causes excessive inflammatory response and early death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90(2):770–774
Regateiro FS, Howie D, Cobbold SP et al (2011) TGF-beta in transplantation tolerance. Curr Opin Immunol 23(5):660–669
Chen W, Jin W, Hardegen N et al (2003) Conversion of peripheral CD4 + CD25- naive T cells to CD4 + CD25+ regulatory T cells by TGF-beta induction of transcription factor Foxp3. J Exp Med 198(12):1875–1886
Zheng SG, Wang JH, Gray JD et al (2004) Natural and induced CD4 + CD25+ cells educate CD4 + CD25- cells to develop suppressive activity: the role of IL-2, TGF-beta, and IL-10. J Immunol 172(9):5213–5221
Takaki H, Ichiyama K, Koga K et al (2008) STAT6 Inhibits TGF-beta1-mediated Foxp3 induction through direct binding to the Foxp3 promoter, which is reverted by retinoic acid receptor. J Biol Chem 283(22):14955–14962
Fragale A, Gabriele L, Stellacci E et al (2008) IFN regulatory factor-1 negatively regulates CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cell differentiation by repressing Foxp3 expression. J Immunol 181(3):1673–1682
Bader BL, Rayburn H, Crowley D et al (1998) Extensive vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and organogenesis precede lethality in mice lacking all alpha v integrins. Cell 95(4):507–519
Veldhoen M, Hocking RJ, Atkins CJ et al (2006) TGFbeta in the context of an inflammatory cytokine milieu supports de novo differentiation of IL-17-producing T cells. Immunity 24(2):179–189
Atarashi K, Nishimura J, Shima T et al (2008) ATP drives lamina propria T(H)17 cell differentiation. Nature 455(7214):808–812
Brustle A, Heink S, Huber M et al (2007) The development of inflammatory T(H)-17 cells requires interferon-regulatory factor 4. Nat Immunol 8(9):958–966
Chen Q, Yang W, Gupta S et al (2008) IRF-4-binding protein inhibits interleukin-17 and interleukin-21 production by controlling the activity of IRF-4 transcription factor. Immunity 29(6):899–911
Mellor AL, Sivakumar J, Chandler P et al (2001) Prevention of T cell-driven complement activation and inflammation by tryptophan catabolism during pregnancy. Nat Immunol 2(1):64–68
Baban B, Chandler PR, Sharma MD et al (2009) IDO activates regulatory T cells and blocks their conversion into Th17-like T cells. J Immunol 183(4):2475–2483
Prendergast GC, Metz R, Muller AJ (2009) IDO recruits Tregs in melanoma. Cell Cycle 8(12):1818–1819
Jacquemier J, Bertucci F, Finetti P et al (2012) High expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in the tumour is associated with medullary features and favourable outcome in basal-like breast carcinoma. Int J Cancer 130(1):96–104
Gustafsson C, Mjosberg J, Matussek A et al (2008) Gene expression profiling of human decidual macrophages: evidence for immunosuppressive phenotype. PLoS One 3(4):e2078
Furuzawa-Carballeda J, Lima G, Jakez-Ocampo J et al (2011) Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-expressing peripheral cells in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Clin Invest 41(10):1037–1046
Avril T, Saikali S, Vauleon E et al (2010) Distinct effects of human glioblastoma immunoregulatory molecules programmed cell death ligand-1 (PDL-1) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) on tumour-specific T cell functions. J Neuroimmunol 225(1–2):22–33
Widner B, Werner ER, Schennach H et al (1997) Simultaneous measurement of serum tryptophan and kynurenine by HPLC. Clin Chem 43(12):2424–2426
Braun D, Longman RS, Albert ML (2005) A two-step induction of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) activity during dendritic-cell maturation. Blood 106(7):2375–2381
Nadazdin O, Abrahamian G, Boskovic S et al (2011) Stem cell mobilization and collection for induction of mixed chimerism and renal allograft tolerance in cynomolgus monkeys. J Surg Res 168(2):294–300
Lobashevsky AL, Jiang XL, Thomas JM (2002) Allele-specific in situ analysis of microchimerism by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) in nonhuman primate tissues. Hum Immunol 63(2):108–120
Han D, Berman DM, Kenyon NS (2007) Sequence-specific analysis of microchimerism by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in same-sex nonhuman primates after islet and bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 84(12):1677–1685
Reitsma MJ, Harrison MR, Pallavicini MG (1993) Detection of a male-specific sequence in nonhuman primates through use of the polymerase chain reaction. Cytogenet Cell Genet 64(3–4):213–216
Kawai T, Sogawa H, Boskovic S et al (2004) CD154 blockade for induction of mixed chimerism and prolonged renal allograft survival in nonhuman primates. Am J Transplant 4(9):1391–1398
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Brinkman, C., Burrell, B., Scalea, J., Bromberg, J.S. (2013). Transplantation Tolerance. In: Zachary, A., Leffell, M. (eds) Transplantation Immunology. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1034. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-493-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-493-7_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-62703-492-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-62703-493-7
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols