Skip to main content

Quantitative Analysis of Gene Expression Relative to 18S rRNA in Carcinoma Samples Using the LightCycler® Instrument and a SYBR GreenI-based Assay: Determining FAT10 mRNA Levels in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

  • Protocol
Molecular Beacons: Signalling Nucleic Acid Probes, Methods, and Protocols

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 429))

Abstract

Due to the fact that mutations and up- or downregulation of genes can lead to the development of cancer, quantitative comparison of relative gene expression in healthy and cancerous tissue can gain valuable insights into tumorigenesis. While the semi-quantitative DNA microarrays are being used to identify differentially expressed genes on a genomic scale, real-time RT-PCR provides a powerful tool for quantitative measurement of gene expression. Presently, it is the most sensitive method available. Here we describe in detail a SYBR GreenI-based assay using the LightCycler® instrument to measure the levels of mRNA for the ubiquitin-like protein FAT10 relative to 18S rRNA in human hepatocellular carcinoma tissue. This method can be easily adapted to any tissue (human or mouse, rat, etc.) and any gene.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Fan, W., Cai, W., Parimoo, S., Schwarz, D. C., Lennon, G. G., and Weissman, S. M. (1996) Identification of seven new human MHC class I region genes around the HLAF locus. Immunogenetics 44, 97–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Liu, Y.-C., Pan, J., Zhang, C., et al. (1999) A MHC-encoded ubiquitin-like protein (FAT10) binds noncovalently to the spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD2. PNAS 96, 4313–4318.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Raasi, S., Schmidtke, G., de Giuli, R., and Groettrup, M. (1999) A ubiquitin-like protein which is synergistically inducible by interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Eur J Immunol 29, 4030–4036.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bates, E. E., Ravel, O., Dieu, M. C., et al. (1997) Identification and analysis of a novel member of the ubiquitin family expressed in dendritic cells and mature B cells. Eur J Immunol 27, 2471–2477.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Raasi, S., Schmidtke, G., and Groettrup, M. (2001) The Ubiquitin-like Protein FAT10 Forms Covalent Conjugates and Induces Apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 35,334–35,343.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Lee, C. G., Ren, J., Cheong, I. S., et al. (2003) Expression of the FAT10 gene is highly upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma and other gastrointestinal and gynecological cancers. Oncogene 22, 2592–2603.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kern, M. A., Breuhahn, K., and Schirmacher, P. (2002) Molecular pathogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Adv. Cancer Res. 86, 67–112.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Higuchi, R., Fockler, C., Dollinger, G., and Watson, R. (1993) Kinetic PCR analysis: real-time monitoring of DNA amplification reactions. Biotechnology (NY) 11, 1026–1030.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Heid, C. A., Stevens, J., Livak, K. J., and Williams, P. M. (1996) Real time quantitative PCR. Genome Res. 6, 986–994.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Wittwer, C. T., Herrmann, M. G., Moss, A. A., and Rasmussen, R. P. (1997) Continuous fluorescence monitoring of rapid cycle DNA amplification. Biotechniques 22, 130–131, 34–38.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Schmittgen, T. D., Zakrajsek, B. A., Mills, A. G., Gorn, V., Singer, M. J., and Reed, M. W. (2000) Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to study mRNA decay: comparison of endpoint and real-time methods. Anal. Biochem. 285, 194–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Morrison, T. B., Weis, J. J., and Wittwer, C. T. (1998) Quantification of low-copy transcripts by continuous SYBR Green I monitoring during amplification. Biotechniques 24, 954–958, 60, 62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Palmer, S., Wiegand, A. P., Maldarelli, F., et al. (2003) New real-time reverse transcriptase-initiated PCR assay with single-copy sensitivity for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma. J Clin Microbiol 41, 4531–4536.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Kubista, M., Andrade, J. M., Bengtsson, M., et al. (2006) The real-time polymerase chain reaction. Mol. Aspects Med. 27, 95–125.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Carles, J., Monzo, M., Amat, M., et al. (2006) Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and double strand break genes as markers for response to radiotherapy in patients with Stage I to II head-and-neck cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys 66, 1022–1030.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Sasaki, H., Endo, K., Konishi, A., et al. (2005) EGFR Mutation status in Japanese lung cancer patients: genotyping analysis using LightCycler. Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 2924–2929.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Boensch, M., Oberthuer, A., Fischer, M., et al. (2005) Quantitative Real-Time PCR for Quick Simultaneous Determination of Therapy-Stratifying Markers MYCN Amplification, Deletion 1p and 11q. Diagn. Mol. Pathol. 14, 177–182.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Hoebeeck, J., van der Luijt, R., Poppe, B., et al. (2005) Rapid detection of VHL exon deletions using real-time quantitative PCR. Lab. Invest. 85, 24–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Ruiz-Ponte, C., Carracedo, A., and Barros, F. (2005) Duplication and deletion analysis by fluorescent real-time PCR-based genotyping. Clin. Chim. Acta 363, 138–146.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Tan, E. K., Shen, H., Tan, J. M., et al. (2005) Differential expression of splice variant and wild-type parkin in sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Neurogenetics 6, 179–184.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhu, L. J. and Altmann, S. W. (2005) mRNA and 18S-RNA coapplication-reverse transcription for quantitative gene expression analysis. Anal. Biochem. 345, 102–109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Pfaffl, M. W. (2001) A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR. Nucleic Acids Res. 29, 2002–2007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Pfaffl, M. W., Horgan, G. W., and Dempfle, L. (2002) Relative expression software tool (REST) for group-wise comparison and statistical analysis of relative expression results in real-time PCR. Nucleic Acids Res. 30, e36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Zhang, J. and Byrne, C. D. (1999) Differential priming of RNA templates during cDNA synthesis markedly affects both accuracy and reproducibility of quantitative competitive reverse-transcriptase PCR. Biochem. J. 337(Pt 2), 231–241.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Lekanne Deprez, R. H., Fijnvandraat, A. C., Ruijter, J. M., and Moorman, A. F. (2002) Sensitivity and accuracy of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using SYBR green I depends on cDNA synthesis conditions. Anal. Biochem. 307, 63–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Bustin, S. A. (2000) Absolute quantification of mRNA using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 25, 169–193.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Goidin, D., Mamessier, A., Staquet, M. J., Schmitt, D., and Berthier-Vergnes, O. (2001) Ribosomal 18S RNA prevails over glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and beta-actin genes as internal standard for quantitative comparison of mRNA levels in invasive and noninvasive human melanoma cell subpopulations. Anal, Biochem. 295, 17–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Aerts, J. L., Gonzales, M. I., and Topalian, S. L. (2004) Selection of appropriate control genes to assess expression of tumor antigens using real-time RT-PCR. Biotechniques 36, 84–86, 88, 90–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Schmid, H., Cohen, C. D., Henger, A., Irrgang, S., Schlondorff, D., and Kretzler, M. (2003) Validation of endogenous controls for gene expression analysis in microdissected human renal biopsies. Kidney Intz. 64, 356–360.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Gibson, U. E., Heid, C. A., and Williams, P. M. (1996) A novel method for real time quantitative RT-PCR. Genome Res. 6, 995–1001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Ririe, K. M., Rasmussen, R. P., and Wittwer, C. T. (1997) Product differentiation by analysis of DNA melting curves during the polymerase chain reaction. Anal. Biochem. 245, 154–160.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Ball, T. B., Plummer, F. A., and HayGlass, K. T. (2003) Improved mRNA quantitation in LightCycler RT-PCR. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 130, 82–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Lukasiak, S., Breuhahn, K., Schiller, C., Schmidtke, G., Groettrup, M. (2008). Quantitative Analysis of Gene Expression Relative to 18S rRNA in Carcinoma Samples Using the LightCycler® Instrument and a SYBR GreenI-based Assay: Determining FAT10 mRNA Levels in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. In: Marx, A., Seitz, O. (eds) Molecular Beacons: Signalling Nucleic Acid Probes, Methods, and Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 429. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-040-3_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-040-3_5

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-700-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-040-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics