Abstract
Medical and recreational cannabis legalization has highlighted the importance of being able to identify recent cannabis use and impairment. Monitoring minor plant cannabinoids has been proposed to assist in identifying recent cannabis use. Additionally, cannabidiol (CBD) has been proposed for epilepsy, pain, inflammatory disorder, anxiety, and addiction treatment; therefore, monitoring CBD is of increasing clinical importance. However, few methods exist capable of monitoring extensive panels of traditional cannabinoid analytes and minor cannabinoids (including CBD). This chapter details a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method capable of measuring Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC, 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC, cannabinol, cannabigerol, tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), and its metabolite, 11-nor-9-carboxy-THCV, in urine.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Hall W, Kozlowski LT (2017) The diverging trajectories of cannabis and tobacco policies in the United States: reasons and possible implications. Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13845
Smith A (2017) 10 things to know about legal pot. http://money.cnn.com/2017/04/19/news/legal-marijuana-420/index.html. Accessed 1 Aug 2017
Bergamaschi MM, Karschner EL, Goodwin RS, Scheidweiler KB, Hirvonen J, Queiroz RH, Huestis MA (2013) Impact of prolonged cannabinoid excretion in chronic daily cannabis smokers’ blood on per se drugged driving laws. Clin Chem 59(3):519–526. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2012.195503
Aizpurua-Olaizola O, Zarandona I, Ortiz L, Navarro P, Etxebarria N, Usobiaga A (2017) Simultaneous quantification of major cannabinoids and metabolites in human urine and plasma by HPLC-MS/MS and enzyme-alkaline hydrolysis. Drug Test Anal 9(4):626–633. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1998
Bergamaschi MM, Barnes A, Queiroz RH, Hurd YL, Huestis MA (2013) Impact of enzymatic and alkaline hydrolysis on CBD concentration in urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 405(14):4679–4689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-013-6837-x
ElSohly MA, deWit H, Wachtel SR, Feng S, Murphy TP (2001) Delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin as a marker for the ingestion of marijuana versus Marinol: results of a clinical study. J Anal Toxicol 25(7):565–571
Hidvegi E, Somogyi GP (2010) Detection of cannabigerol and its presumptive metabolite in human urine after Cannabis consumption. Pharmazie 65(6):408–411
Kemp PM, Abukhalaf IK, Manno JE, Manno BR, Alford DD, Abusada GA (1995) Cannabinoids in humans. I. Analysis of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and six metabolites in plasma and urine using GC-MS. J Anal Toxicol 19(5):285–291
Campbell CT, Phillips MS, Manasco K (2017) Cannabinoids in pediatrics. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 22(3):176–185. https://doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-22.3.176
Blessing EM, Steenkamp MM, Manzanares J, Marmar CR (2015) Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for anxiety disorders. Neurotherapeutics 12(4):825–836. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-015-0387-1
Sloan ME, Gowin JL, Ramchandani VA, Hurd YL, Le Foll B (2017) The endocannabinoid system as a target for addiction treatment: trials and tribulations. Neuropharmacology doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.031
Abraham TT, Lowe RH, Pirnay SO, Darwin WD, Huestis MA (2007) Simultaneous GC-EI-MS determination of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-hydroxy-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in human urine following tandem enzyme-alkaline hydrolysis. J Anal Toxicol 31(8):477–485
Andersson M, Scheidweiler KB, Sempio C, Barnes AJ, Huestis MA (2016) Simultaneous quantification of 11 cannabinoids and metabolites in human urine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using WAX-S tips. Anal Bioanal Chem 408(23):6461–6471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9765-8
Skopp G, Potsch L (2002) Stability of 11-nor-delta(9)-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol glucuronide in plasma and urine assessed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem 48(2):301–306
Sempio C, Scheidweiler KB, Barnes AJ, Huestis MA (2018) Optimization of recombinant β-glucuronidase hydrolysis and quantification of eight urinary cannabinoids and metabolites by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 10(3):518–529. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2230
Desrosiers NA, Lee D, Scheidweiler KB, Concheiro-Guisan M, Gorelick DA, Huestis MA (2014) In vitro stability of free and glucuronidated cannabinoids in urine following controlled smoked cannabis. Anal Bioanal Chem 406(3):785–792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-013-7524-7
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health. Recombinant EBG™ β-glucuronidase from E. coli was provided via a Materials Transfer Agreement between the National Institutes of Health and KURA Biotec. The authors thank Yves-Vincent Duperron (KURA Biotec) for his technical assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Scheidweiler, K.B., Barnes, A.J. (2019). Quantification of Eight Cannabinoids Including Cannabidiol in Human Urine Via Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. In: Langman, L., Snozek, C. (eds) LC-MS in Drug Analysis. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1872. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8823-5_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8823-5_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-8822-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-8823-5
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols