Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is a complex organ that is isolated from the periphery due to the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Recently, a large number of biomarkers have been identified, whose presence in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) identifies a certain pathology. There are many different types of biomarkers reflecting alterations of the immune system, of BBB disruption, of demyelination, of oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, of axonal/neuronal damage, of gliosis, of remyelination and repair, etc. Neuroinflammation is the specific adaptive response of brain tissue to mechanical damage, hypoxia, and metabolic stress. Optic neuritis, which is the inflammation of the optic nerve, is a specific neuroinflammatory condition that is strongly related to multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Scientific evidence derived from the experimental model of autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) points out the importance of histamine in the modulation of inflammatory responses in the brain. Related to clinical findings, histamine levels are high in the CSF of patients with MS. Optic neuritis, the inflammation of the optic nerve, is characterized by simultaneous activation of both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes. Histamine’s effect in the brain is known to be strongly related to receptor activation. In this chapter, we propose a protocol for studying neuroinflammation and identifying an inflammatory profile in patients with optic neuritis, emphasizing mainly in the putative role of histamine in the modulation of demyelinating procedures.
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Besinis, D.P., Anagnostouli, M.C. (2017). Cerebrospinal Fluid Markers in Neuroinflammation: The Paradigm of Optic Neuritis. In: Tiligada, E., Ennis, M. (eds) Histamine Receptors as Drug Targets. Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6843-5_14
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