Abstract
The pathogenetic roles of 8q24 amplified segments in leukemic cells with double minute chromosomes remain to be verified. Through comprehensive molecular analyses of 8q24 amplicons in leukemic cells from an acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patient and AML-derived cell line HL60 cells, we identified two novel fusion genes between NSMCE2 and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), namely, PVT1-NSMCE2 and BF104016-NSMCE2. Our study suggests that 8q24 amplicons are associated with the emergence of aberrant chimeric genes between NSMCE2 and oncogenic lncRNAs, and also implicate that the chimeric genes involving lncRNAs potentially possess as-yet-unknown oncogenic functional roles.
To the Editor
To gain insight into the role(s) of double minute chromosomes (dmins) in leukemia, we cytogenetically/molecularly analyzed 8q24 amplicons in patient-derived leukemic cells and AML-derived cell line (HL60) (See Additional file 1 for supplementary materials and methods). The patient was a 71-year-old female with AML (M2). The G-banding karyotype of leukemic cells was 47, XX, +mar [2]/48, XX, idem, +mar [6]/46, XX [7], containing two marker chromosomes (mars) from chromosome 8 (Figure 1a and b). DNA copy number analysis (CNA) revealed 13 high-level amplicons on 8q22.1-q24.2 (98.43 Mb-134.16 Mb) (Additional file 2: Table S1). SKY analysis of HL60 cells containing the 8q24 amplicons revealed that the representative karyotype was 44, X, der(5)t(5;17)(q11.2;q11.2), t(7;16;9)(q34;q24;p21), t(9;14)(q22;q22), +13, -15, -17, der(21)t(15;21)(q22;q21) [1]. CNA revealed several amplicons on 8q24.13-q24.12 (126.25 Mb-130.75 Mb) in the HL60 cells (Figure 2a and b). Consequently, three common amplicons were identified between 8q24.13-21 in the patient and the HL60 cells; i.e., the regions covering NSMCE2 (8q24.13), PVT1 (8q24.21) and CCDC26 (8q24.21) (Figures 1c and 2b). Further investigation revealed three fusion transcripts between PVT1 exon 1a and NSMCE2 exon 3 in the patient (Figure 1d and e), and a fusion gene between exon 6 of NSMCE2 and exon 1 of BF104016, a noncoding RNA sharing the sequence of CCDC26 exon 4 (Additional file 3: Figure S1) (Additional file 4: Table S2), in the HL60 cells (Figure 2c-e). Both the NSMCE2 and PVT1 genes were amplified and located in a micronucleus in the patient (Figure 1f-i), and the genomic junction of 5’-PVT1-NSMCE2-3’ was located within intron 1 of PVT1 and at 5’ upstream of exon 1 of NSMCE2 (Figure 1j and k) (Additional file 5: Figure S3). In the HL60 cells, amplification of 3’NSMCE2 and 5’CCDC26 was co-localized on der(13)hsr(8), ins(2;8) and dmins (Figure 2e-h) (Additional file 5: Figure S3). Aberrant NSMCE2 transcripts were higher than normal NSMCE2 transcripts in the patient and the HL60 cells, while NSMCE2 protein expression did not correlate with normal or abnormal NSMCE2 transcripts among the leukemic patient cells or the HL60 cells, suggesting the presence of regulatory mechanisms other than transcription (Additional file 6: Figure S2).
The present findings are consistent with previous studies demonstrating that segmental genome amplification of 8q24 contains recurrent PVT1 fusion genes, which might be generated by chromothripsis [2],[3]. Both lncRNAs, PVT1 and CCDC26, harbor retroviral integration sites and are transcribed into multiple splice forms [4]-[6]. PVT1 overexpression is induced by MYC or p53, contributing to suppression of apoptosis [7]-[9], whereas PVT1 produces six annotated microRNAs that have been implicated in oncogenesis [3],[10],[11]. The chimeric transcripts involving PVT1 may also regulate the expression of as-yet unspecified target genes through ‘enhancer-like functions’ [12]. CCDC26 amplification has been also identified as a recurrent abnormality that is associated with the response to retinoic acid-induced differentiation in AML [1],[11],[13]-[16]. This study is the first to identify NSMCE2-associated fusion genes in AML [17]-[19]. Knockdown of NSMCE2 induces chromosomal instability and increases the frequency of chromosomal breakage and loss [20]. We speculate that NSMCE2 gene rearrangement may potentially influence its function. Collectively, our study identified novel PVT1-NSMCE2 and CCDC26-NSMCE2 fusion genes that may play functional roles in leukemia.
Authors’ contributions
YC, JK and MT reviewed the literature and wrote the paper. YC, MYS, SM, and SH treated the patient. NS, HN, TT, SM, ST, TT, YS, TK, YM and MT collected the data. YC and NS performed the molecular analyses. YC, JK and MT contributed to the design of this study, final data analysis and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Additional files
Abbreviations
- dmins:
-
Double minute chromosomes
- hsr:
-
Homogeneously staining regions
- FISH:
-
Fluorescence in situ hybridization
- lncRNAs:
-
Long noncoding RNAs
- AML:
-
Acute myeloid leukemia
- MDS:
-
Myelodysplastic syndromes
- NSMCE2:
-
Non-SMC element 2
- SKY:
-
Spectral karyotyping
- RT-PCR:
-
Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- LDI-PCR:
-
Long-distance inverse PCR
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Akari Kazami and Yoko Yamane for their expert technical assistance. This study was performed as a research program of the Project for Development of Innovative Research on Cancer Therapeutics (P-Direct), Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan, and supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Cancer Research from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan, by a Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research (B) and (C) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan, and by the National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund.
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13045_2014_68_MOESM2_ESM.pptx
Additional file 2: Table S1: CNAG analysis of the region between the MTDH and LRRC6 genes on 8q24 in patient 1 with marker chromosomes. Results show the genomic size of the eight amplified segments that were selected based on the existence of known genes within them and their approximate positions. (PPTX 87 KB)
13045_2014_68_MOESM3_ESM.pptx
Additional file 3: Figure S1: Association between CCDC26 and BF104016 at 8q24.21. The scale indicates the region 8q24.21. White boxes and grey boxes indicate exons of CCDC26 and BF104016 on the genetic locus at 8q24.21, respecitively. Vertical black lines indicate exons on the CCDC26 isoform. According to the NCBI database, isoform 1 (BC070152.1) consists of four (1-2-3-4) exons, and isoform 2 (BC026098.1) consists of three (1a-3-4) exons. BF104016 consists of 2 exons. The sequence of BF104016 exon 2 is partly consistent with that of CCDC26 exon 4. ORF: hypothetical open reading frame. (PPTX 64 KB)
13045_2014_68_MOESM5_ESM.pptx
Additional file 5: Figure S3: Identification of breakpoints region at 8q24 by FISH. Upper panel: location of FISH probes shown as color bars and position of NSMCE2, TRIB1, MYC, and PVT1 genes at 8q24. Vertical black lines indicate exons of NSMCE2, PVT1, and BF104016. Lower panel: mapping of breakpoint in leukemic cells of patient 1 and HL60. Gray boxes indicate amplified regions detected. (PPTX 91 KB)
13045_2014_68_MOESM6_ESM.pptx
Additional file 6: Figure S2: Expression of NSMCE2 in patient 1 and AML-derived cell lines. (a) NSMCE2 mRNA levels measured by RQ-PCR (n=3, mean ± SD). Theoretically, the NSMCE2 7-8 primer/probe can amplify both normal and aberrant NSMCE2 transcripts, while the NSMCE2 2-3 primer/probe set which can amplify only normal NSMCE2 transcript. NSMCE2 mRNA levels were normalized to β-actin and are relative to the control mRNA extracted from normal BM cells. NSMCE2 mRNA levels amplified by the NSMCE2 7-8 primer/probe set are higher than those amplified by the NSMCE2 2-3 primer/probe set in patient 1, HL60 and KG1 cells. (b) Protein analysis using the anti-NSMCE2 antibody in cells. Blot for β-actin was used as loading control. Lane 1: normal BM; lane 2: KG1; lane 3: HL60. (c and d) IHC analysis of NSMCE2 expression in BM of patient 1 (c) and normal BM (d). NSMCE2 expression of leukemic cells was not higher than that of normal BM cells. Monocytes and megakaryocytes showed strong positive signals in their cytoplasm. (PPTX 570 KB)
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Chinen, Y., Sakamoto, N., Nagoshi, H. et al. 8q24 amplified segments involve novel fusion genes between NSMCE2 and long noncoding RNAs in acute myelogenous leukemia. J Hematol Oncol 7, 68 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-014-0068-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-014-0068-2