Abstract
The two-dimensional (2D) layered material MoS2 has attracted numerous attentions for electronics and optoelectronics applications. In this work, a novel type of MoS2-doped sol-gel glass composite material is prepared. The nonlinear optical properties of prepared MoS2/SiO2 composite material are measured with modulation depth (ΔT) of 3.5% and saturable intensity (Isat) of 20.15 MW/cm2. The optical damage threshold is 3.46 J/cm2. Using the MoS2/SiO2 composite material as saturable absorber (SA), a passive mode-locked Er-doped fiber (EDF) laser is realized. Stable conventional soliton mode-locking pulses are successfully generated with a pulse width of 780 fs at the pump power of 90 mW. In the pump power range of 100–600 mW, another stable mode-locking operation is obtained. The pulse width is 1.21 ps and the maximum output power is 5.11 mW. The results indicate that MoS2/SiO2 composite materials could offer a new way for optical applications.
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Introduction
Nonlinear optical materials, especially those with 2D structures, lay the foundations of optoelectronics development [1,2,3,4,5]. The graphene has been intensively investigated as an optical modulator for use in diverse pulsed lasers and excellent results are obtained [6, 7]. Recently, numerous novel 2D materials such as topological insulators [8, 9], transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) [10,11,12,13,14], black phosphorus [15], MXene [16], bismuthene [17], metal–organic frameworks [18], and perovskite [19] have demonstrated broadband optical nonlinearities. In addition, these 2D materials are considered as the next generation promising optical modulator materials [20, 21]. The MoS2 is a representative TMD semiconductor with crystal layers consisting of three alternating hexagonal planes of Mo and S [22]. Depending on the coordination and oxidation states of transition metal atoms, MoS2 can either be semiconducting or metallic in nature. The broadband saturable absorption and high third-order nonlinear susceptibility have been thoroughly studied [23,24,25]. Recent works demonstrate that the MoS2 has better saturable absorption response than graphene by using an open-aperture Z-scan technique for ultrafast nonlinear optical properties [26, 27]. Based on the MoS2 materials, the corresponding optical modulator devices have been used for pulsed lasers successfully. So far, pulsed fiber lasers with MoS2 at different central wavelengths of 635 nm, 980 nm, 1030 nm, 1560 nm, 1925 nm, and 2950 nm have been achieved [28,29,30,31,32,33]. Ultrafast fiber lasers based on MoS2 emitting pulses with pulse duration from hundreds of femtoseconds to few picoseconds also have been reported [34, 35]. Moreover, high repetition rate pulsed fiber lasers with MoS2 have been realized [36, 37].
Usually, MoS2 nanomaterials are fabricated via mechanical exfoliation (ME) method [38], liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) method [39], hydrothermal method [40, 41], chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method [42], pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method [43], and magnetron sputtering deposition (MSD) method [44]. Every method has its strengths and weaknesses. For example, ME method is the first reported technique for obtaining layered structure MoS2. However, this method has the disadvantages of poor scalability and low yield, hindering the large-scale applications. To overcome the defects of ME method, CVD offers a controllable approach for the production of single and few-layer MoS2. While for the MoS2 growth, it is often necessary to pretreat of the substrate. PLD and MSD should be the ideal methods for growing high-quality MoS2 film directly with different sizes and areas, but with many crystal defects. The reported technology for incorporating MoS2 into fiber lasers can be mainly divided into two methods: (1) directly sandwiching the MoS2-based SAs between two fiber connectors by mixing the MoS2 nanomaterials into polymer film and (2) depositing the MoS2 nanomaterials on tapered fiber or D-shaped fiber by using the evanescent wave interaction. The sandwich-type MoS2 optical modulators have the advantages of flexibility and convenience. It also has the weak point of low thermal damage. The evanescent wave method can enhance the damage threshold of SAs, but it has the shortcoming of frangibility. For practical applications, tapered fiber or D-shaped fiber-based optical modulators need to be packaged, which makes the fabrication procedure very complicated. Therefore, establishing fine-controlled MoS2 nanomaterial still require deeper exploring, and improving effective fabrication method is still a longstanding goal.
In this paper, we demonstrate a novel method to prepare the MoS2/SiO2 composite materials by doping the MoS2 nanomaterials in sol-gel glass. As is well known, the sol-gel method is a mature approach to prepare the glass at low temperature [45, 46]. Doping the MoS2 nanomaterials in the sol-gel glass not only has virtues of good antioxidant capacity, but also can effectively increase the mechanical stability. In addition, the sol-gel glass has a good refractive index matching with the optical fiber. Therefore, this type of composite material shows a high environmental damage threshold. By incorporating the proposed MoS2/SiO2 into EDF laser cavity, we achieve two kinds of mode-locking operation. At the pump power of 90 mW, the conventional soliton mode-locking operation is obtained. The pulse duration is 780 fs. In the pump power range of 100–600 mW, we also realize another stable mode-locking operation. The pulse width is 1.21 ps and the maximum output power is 5.11 mW. The results show that the MoS2/SiO2 composite materials possess great potential for mode-locked fiber laser applications.
Methods
MoS2/SiO2 Composite Materials Preparation Procedure
The MoS2/SiO2 composite materials are prepared by the sol-gel method. In the first step, the MoS2 dispersion is prepared by liquid-phase exfoliation method. One milligram of MoS2 nanosheets is put into the 10 ml deionized water. Then, the MoS2 dispersion is ultrasonically for 6 h and the power of ultrasonic cleaner is set as 90 W. After the centrifugation process, we obtain the stable MoS2 solution. On the other hand, the tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), ethanol, and deionized water are mixed for the sol-gel glass preparation. In the next step, the MoS2 solution and the TEOS mixture are mixed. Then, the MoS2 and TEOS mixture is stirred to form the MoS2-doped glass. At this time, the hydrochloric acid is added into the obtained mixture to control the PH at low value. Via hydrolysis and polycondensation process, the MoS2-doped silica sol is obtained. The hydrolysis and polycondensation process can be described as the following reactions:
During the hydrolysis process, the alkoxide groups of the TEOS are replaced by the hydroxyl groups. In the polycondensation process, the Si-OH groups produce the Si-O-Si networks. In order to avoid the sol-gel glass cracking and MoS2 agglomeration, the MoS2-doped silica sol are stirred at 50 °C for 5 h. Then, the MoS2-doped silica sol are put into the plastic cells and aged at room temperature for 48 h. In the final step, put the silica sol into a dry box at 60 °C for 1 week to form solid MoS2-doped glass.
Fiber Laser Cavity
The layout of the EDF laser with MoS2/SiO2 composite material is displayed in Fig. 1. The ring laser cavity is used. The pump source is a fiber-coupled laser diode (LD) with the maximum output power of 650 mW, which delivers the pump laser into the laser cavity via the wavelength division multiplexer (WDM). A 1.2-m-long EDF is employed as the gain medium. A polarization independent isolator (PI-ISO) is used to ensure the unidirectional operation in the ring laser cavity. A polarization controller (PC) is engaged to achieve different polarization states. A MoS2/SiO2 composite material is sandwiched between two fiber ferrules. The 10/90 optical coupler is used at the laser cavity output port. The total length of the laser oscillator cavity is about 13.3 m.
Results and Discussion
Characterization of MoS2/SiO2 Composite Materials
As is shown in Fig. 2a, the prepared MoS2/SiO2 composite material is the brown color, indicating the MoS2 nanosheets are incorporated into the silica glass. Figure 2b shows the SEM image. The MoS2/SiO2 composite material is also characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). Figure 3 shows the EDS spectrum, which indicates that the prepared MoS2/SiO2 glass contains three elements (Mo, S, and Si). The nonlinear optical properties of MoS2/SiO2 glass are investigated by the balanced twin-detector measurement system. The pulse laser source is the home-made EDF fiber laser with a central wavelength of 1550 nm, pulse width of 500 fs, and repetition rate of 23 MHz. As can be seen from Fig. 4, the modulation depth (ΔT) and saturable intensity (Isat) are measured to be 3.5% and 20.15 MW/cm2, respectively. A femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser (central wavelength 800 nm, pulse width 250 fs, repetition rate 100 kHz) is used as the source to investigate the thermal damage of MoS2/SiO2 composite material. The optical damage of the MoS2/SiO2 appears when the test power is adjusted to 3.46 J/cm2, which is much higher than that of semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) (500 μJ/cm2).
MoS2/SiO2 Mode-Locking Fiber Laser
The conventional soliton mode-locking experimental results are shown in Fig. 5. The mode-locking operation is observed at the pump power of 90 mW accompanying hysteresis phenomenon [47]. By adjusting the pump power lower to 75 mW, the mode-locking state is still maintained. The optical spectrum of mode-locking pulses at the pump power of 90 mW is depicted in Fig. 5a. The central wavelength is located at 1557 nm and the 3-dB spectral width is 6 nm. It can be seen clearly that the Kelly sidebands appeared at both sides of spectrum symmetrically, indicating the fiber laser works in conventional soliton mode-locking state. Figure 5b shows the performance of the pulse train, which has uniform intensity. The interval of two pulses is 64.2 ns, corresponding to the cavity roundtrip time. To further study the stability of soliton pulse, the radio-frequency spectrum is measured. Figure 5c shows that the fundamental repetition rate is 15.76 MHz and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is 65 dB. The pulse duration is measured by an autocorrelator. Figure 5d shows the autocorrelation curve. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) is measured to be 1.21 ps, indicating the pulse duration is 780 fs if a Sech2 fit is used. We just increase the pump power to 100 mW and keep the PC unchanged, the laser enters into multiple pulses operation mode-locking regime, presenting instability and fluctuations, which means the mode-locking operates in narrow pump range.
During the experiments, we achieve another mode-locking state. By adjusting the pump power to 100 mW and the PC rotation, we obtain this mode-locking operation state. Figure 6a records the corresponding optical spectrum. The optical spectrum is getting wider and wider with pump power increasing. Gradually increasing the pump power to 600 mW, this mode-locking operation can always be maintained. It is observed that the sides appeared in the optical spectrum with relative small intensity. The central wavelength is 1557 nm and 3-dB spectral width is 4 nm at the pump power of 600 mW. The oscilloscope trace for the mode-locking state is depicted in Fig. 6b; the interval of two pulses is 64.2 ns, verifying that the fiber laser is working in the fundamental mode-locking state. The autocorrelation trace is displayed in Fig. 6(c), the full width at half maximum (FWHM) is 1.97 ps, which means the pulse duration is 1.21 ps if a Sech2 fit is used. The average output power characteristics are shown in Fig. 6d. As the pump power increases, the average output power increases almost linearly. The maximum output power is measured to be 5.11 mW at the pump power of 600 mW.
Conclusion
In conclusion, we have reported the MoS2/SiO2 composite materials, which are prepared by incorporating the MoS2 nanomaterials in sol-gel glass. EDS spectrum identifies the main component of prepared MoS2/SiO2 glass. The modulation depth and saturable intensity of MoS2/SiO2 composite materials are measured to be 3.5% and 20.15 MW/cm2, respectively. Mode-locked fiber laser with MoS2/SiO2 is further demonstrated. The conventional soliton mode-locking state with a pulse duration of 780 fs is realized at the pump power of 90 mW. In the pump power range of 100–600 mW, another stable mode-locking state is presented. The pulse width is 1.21 ps and the maximum output power is 5.11 mW. Our results show that the MoS2/SiO2 composite materials possess a good prospect in ultrafast photonics and the sol-gel method provides a new way for fabrication of TMD optical devices.
Abbreviations
- 2D:
-
Two-dimensional
- CVD:
-
Chemical vapor deposition
- EDF:
-
Er-doped fiber
- EDS:
-
Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer
- FWHM:
-
Full width at half maximum
- Isat :
-
Saturable intensity
- LD:
-
Laser diode
- LPE:
-
Liquid phase exfoliation
- ME:
-
Mechanical exfoliation
- MSD:
-
Magnetron sputtering deposition
- PC:
-
Polarization controller
- PI-ISO:
-
Polarization independent isolator
- PLD:
-
Pulsed laser deposition
- SA:
-
Saturable absorber
- SESAM:
-
Semiconductor saturable absorber mirror
- SNR:
-
Signal-to-noise ratio
- TEOS:
-
Tetraethoxysilane
- TMD:
-
Transition metal dichalcogenide
- WDM:
-
Wavelength division multiplexer
- ΔT:
-
Modulation depth
References
Sun Z, Martinez A, Wang F (2016) Optical modulators with 2D layered materials. Nat Photon 10:227
Hao L, Liu Y, Han Z, Xu Z, Zhu J (2017) Large Lateral Photovoltaic Effect in MoS2/GaAs Heterojunction. Nanoscale Res Lett 12:562
Liu W, Liu M, OuYang Y, Hou H, Ma G, Lei M, Wei Z (2018) Tungsten diselenide for mode-locked erbium-doped fiber lasers with short pulse duration. Nanotechnology 29:174002
Dhanabalan SC, Dhanabalan B, Ponrai JS, Bao Q, Zhang H (2017) 2D-Materials-Based Quantum Dots: Gateway Towards Next-Generation Optical Devices. Adv Opt Mater 5:1700257
Zhang S, Zhou W, Ma Y, Ji J, Cai B, Yang SA, Zhu Z, Chen Z, Zeng H (2017) Antimonene Oxides: Emerging Tunable Direct Bandgap Semiconductor and Novel Topological Insulator. Nano Lett 17:3434
Song YW, Jang SY, Han WS, Bae MK (2010) Graphene mode-lockers for fiber lasers functioned with evanescent field interaction. Appl Phys Lett 96:051122
Tarka J, Boguslawski J, Sobon G, Pasternak I, Przewloka A, Strupinski W, Sotor J, Abramski KM (2017) Power Scaling of an All-PM Fiber Er-Doped Mode-Locked Laser Based on Graphene Saturable Absorber. IEEE Sel J Top Quantum Electron 23:1100506
Guo B, Yao Y, Yang YF, Yuan YJ, Jin L, Yan B, Zhang JY (2015) Dual-wavelength rectangular pulse erbium-doped fiber laser based on topological insulator saturable absorber. Photon Res 3:94
Sotor J, Sobon G, Macherzynski W, Paletko P, Grodecki K, Abramski KM (2014) Mode-locking in Er-doped fiber laser based on mechanically efoliated Sb2Te3 saturable absorber. Opt Mater Express 4:197780
Liu W, Liu M, Yin J, Chen H, Lu W, Fang S, Teng H, Lei M, Yan P, Wei Z (2018) Tungsten diselenide for all-fiber lasers with the chemical vapor deposition method. Nanoscale 10:7971
Yan P, Chen H, Yin J, Xu Z, Li J, Jiang Z, Zhang W, Wang J, Li IL, Sun Z, Ruan S (2017) Large-area tungsten disulfide for ultrafast photonics. Nanoscale 9:1871
Niu K, Sun R, Chen Q, Man B, Zhang H (2018) Passively mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser based on SnS2 nanosheets as a saturable absorber. Photon Res 6:72
Liu W, Pang L, Han H, Liu M, Lei M, Fang S, Teng H, Wei Z (2017) Tungsten disulfide saturable absorbers for 67 fs mode-locked erbium-doped fiber lasers. Opt Express 25:2950
Koo J, Jhon YI, Park J, Lee J, Jhon YM, Lee JH (2016) Near-Infrared Saturable Absorption of Defective Bulk-Structured WTe2 for Femtosecond Laser Mode-Locking. Adv Funct Mater 26:7454
Jin XX, Hu G, Zhang M, Hu Y, Albow-Owen T, Howe RCT, Wu TC, Wu Q, Zheng Z, Hasan T (2018) 102 fs pulse generation from a long-term stable, inkjet-printed black phosphorus-mode-locked fiber laser. Opt Express 26:12506
Jiang X, Liu S, Liang W, Luo S, He Z, Ge Y, Wang H, Cao R, Zhang F, Wen Q, Li J, Bao Q, Fan D, Zhang H (2018) Broadband Nonlinear Photonics in Few-Layer MXene Ti3C2Tx (T= F, O, or OH). Laser Photon Rev 12:1700229
Guo B, Wang SH, Wu ZX, Wang ZX, Wang DH, Huang H, Zhang F, Ge YQ, Zhang H (2018) Sub-200 fs soliton mode-locked fiber laser based on bismuthene saturable absorber. Opt Express 26:22750
Jiang X, Zhang L, Liu S, Zhang Y, He Z, Li W, Zhang F, Shi Y, Lu W, Li Y, Wen Q, Li J, Feng J, Ruan S, Zeng Y, Zhu X, Lu Y, Zhang H (2018) Ultrathin Metal–Organic Framework: An Emerging Broadband Nonlinear Optical Material for Ultrafast Photonics. Adv. Opt. Mater. 6:1800561
Jiang G, Miao L, Yi J, Huang B, Peng W, Zou Y, Huang H, Hu W, Zhao C, Wen S (2017) Ultrafast pulse generation from erbium-doped fiber laser modulated by hybrid organic-inorganic halide perovskites. Appl Phys Lett 110:842
Dong N, Li Y, Zhang S, Mcevoy N, Gatensby R, Duesberg GS, Wang J (2018) Saturation of Two-Photon Absorption in Layered Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: Experiment and Theory. ASC Photon 5:1558
Yang HR, Liu XM (2017) Nonlinear optical response and applications of tin disulfide in the near- and mid-infrared. Appl Phy Lett 110:171106
Woodward RI, Howe RCT, Hu G, Torrisi F, Zhang M, Hasan T, Kelleher EJR (2015) Few-layer MoS2 saturable absorbers for short-pulse laser technology: current status and future perspectives. Photon Res 3:A30
Luo Z, Huang Y, Zhong M, Li Y, Wu J, Xu B, Xu H, Cai Z, Peng J, Weng J (2014) 1-, 1.5-, and 2-μm Fiber Lasers Q-Switched by a Broadband Few-Layer MoS2 Saturable Absorber. J lightw technol 32:4077
Zhang H, Lu SB, Zheng J, Du J, Wen SC, Tang DY, Loh KP (2014) Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as a broadband saturable absorber for ultra-fast photonics. Opt Express 22:7249
Wang K, Wang J, Fan J, Lotya M, O’Neill A, Fox D, Feng Y, Zhang X, Jiang B, Zhao Q, Zhang H, Coleman JN, Zhang L, Blau WJ (2013) Ultrafast Saturable Absorption of Two-Dimensional MoS2 Nanosheets. ACS Nano 7:9260
Zhang M, Howe RCT, Woodward RI, Kelleher EJR, Torrisi F, Hu G, Popov SV, Taylor JR, Hasan T (2015) Solution processed MoS2–PVA composite for subbandgap mode-locking of a wideband tunable ultrafast Er:fiber laser. Nano Res 8:1522
Zhang X, Zhang S, Chang C, Feng Y, Li Y, Dong N, Wang K, Zhang L, Blau W, Wang J (2015) Facile fabrication of wafer-scale MoS2 neat films with enhanced third-order nonlinear optical performance. Nanoscale 7:2978
Luo Z, Wu D, Xu B, Xu H, Cai Z, Peng J, Weng J, Xu S, Zhu C, Wang F, Sun Z, Zhang H (2016) Two-dimensional material-based saturable absorbers: towards compact visible-wavelength all-fiber pulsed lasers. Nanoscale 8:1066
Zhang Y, Zhu J, Li P, Wang X, Yu H, Xiao K, Li C, Zhang G (2018) All-fiber Yb-doped fiber laser passively mode-locking by monolayer MoS2 saturable absorber. Opt Commun 413:236
Wang S, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Yan S, Li Y, Zheng W, Deng Y, Zhu Q, Xu J, Tang Y (2016) Digital-wavelength ytterbium fiber laser mode-locked with MoS2. Laser Phys Lett 13:055102
Wei R, Zhang H, Hu Z, Qiao T, He X, Guo Q, Tian X, Chen Z, Qiu J (2016) Ultra-broadband nonlinear saturable absorption of high-yield MoS2 nanosheets. Nanotechnol 27:305203
Cao L, Li X, Zhang R, Wu D, Dai S, Peng J, Weng J, Nie Q (2018) Tm-doped fiber laser mode-locking with MoS2-polyvinyl alcohol saturable absorber. Opt Laser Technol 41:187
Zhang S, Liu X, Guo L, Fan M, Lou F, Gao P, Guo G, Yang J, Liu J, Li T, Yang K, Zhao S, Liu J, Xu J, Hang Y (2017) Passively Q-switched Ho, Pr: LLF Bulk Slab Laser at 2.95 um Based on MoS2 Saturable Absorber. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 29:2258
Khazaeizhad R, Kassani SH, Jeong H, Yeom D, Oh K (2014) Mode-locking of Er-doped fiber laser using a multilayer MoS2 thin film as a saturable absorber in both anomalous and normal dispersion regimes. Opt Express 22:23732
Liu H, Luo A, Wang F, Tang R, Liu M, Luo Z, Xu W, Zhao C, Zhang H (2014) Femtosecond pulse erbium-doped fiber laser by a few-layer MoS2 saturable absorber. Opt Lett 39:4591
Liu M, Zheng X, Qi Y, Liu H, Luo A, Luo Z, Xu W, Zhao C, Zhang H (2014) Microfiber-based few-layer MoS2 saturable absorber for 2.5 GHz passively harmonic mode-locked fiber laser. Opt Express 22:22841
Wu K, Zhang X, Wang J, Chen J (2015) 463-MHz fundamental mode-locked fiber laser based on few-layer MoS2 saturable absorber. Opt Lett 40:1374
Aiub EJ, Steinberg D, Souza EATD, Saito LAM (2018) 200-fs mode-locked Erbium-doped fiber laser by using mechanically exfoliated MoS2 saturable absorber onto D-shaped optical fiber. Opt Express 25:10546
Ahmed MHM, Latiff AA, Arof H, Ahmad H, Harun SW (2016) Femtosecond mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laserbased on MoS2-PVA saturable absorber. Opt Laser Technol 82:145
Zhang X, Chen Y, Chen B, Wang H, Wu K, Zhang S, Fan J, Qi S, Cui X, Zhang L, Wang J (2016) Direct synthesis of large-scale hierarchical MoS2 films nanostructured with orthogonally oriented vertically and horizontally aligned layers. Nanoscale 8:431
Zhang X, Zhang S, Xie Y, Huang J, Wang L, Cui Y, Wang J (2018) Tailoring the nonlinear optical performance of two-dimensional MoS2 nanofilms via defect engineering. Nanoscale 10:17924
Xia H, Li H, Lan C, Li C, Zhang X, Zhang S, Liu Y (2014) Ultrafast erbium-doped fiber laser mode-locked by a CVD-grown molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) saturable absorber. Opt Express 22:17341
Wang S, Yu H, Zhang H, Wang A, Zhao M, Chen Y, Mei L, Wang J (2014) Broadband Few-Layer MoS2 Saturable Absorbers. Adv Mater 26:3538
Jiang Z, Chen H, Li J, Yin J, Wang J, Yan P (2017) 256 fs, 2 nJ soliton pulse generation from MoS2 mode-locked fiber laser. Appl Phys Express 10:122702
Song YW, Fong KH, Set SY, Kikuchi K, Yamashita S (2010) Carbon nanotube-incorporated sol-gel glass for high-speed modulation of intracavity absorption of fiber lasers. Opt Commun 283:3740
Tao L, Zhou B, Bai G, Wang Y, Yu SF, Lau SP, Tsang YH, Yao J, Xu D (2013) Fabrication of covalently functionalized graphene oxide incorporated solid-state hybrid silica gel glasses and their improved nonlinear optical response. J Phys Chem C 117:23108
Radnatarov D, Khripunov S, Kobtsev S, Ivanenko A, Kukarin S (2013) Automatic electronic-controlled mode locking self-start in fibre lasers with non-linear polarisation evolution. Opt Express 21:20626
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61705183); Central University special fund basic research and operating expenses (No. GK201702005); Nature Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province, China (No. 2017JM6091); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2017TS011).
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61705183); Central University special fund basic research and operating expenses (No. GK201702005); Nature Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province, China (No. 2017JM6091); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2017TS011).
Availability of Data and Materials
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
LL performed the laser experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the paper. RL performed the nonlinear optical properties experiments. ZC prepared the MoS2/SiO2 composite materials and interpreted the data for SEM image and EDS spectrum. JW and SL contributed to the scientific discussion. WR and YW conceived and designed the experiments. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Li, L., Lv, R., Chen, Z. et al. Mode-Locked Er-Doped Fiber Laser by Using MoS2/SiO2 Saturable Absorber. Nanoscale Res Lett 14, 59 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-019-2888-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-019-2888-z