Abstract
The need for economical and sustainable energy storage drives battery research today. While Li-ion batteries are the most mature technology, scalable electrochemical energy storage applications benefit from reductions in cost and improved safety. Sodium- and magnesium-ion batteries are two technologies that may prove to be viable alternatives. Both metals are cheaper and more abundant than Li, and have better safety characteristics, while divalent magnesium has the added bonus of passing twice as much charge per atom. On the other hand, both are still emerging fields of research with challenges to overcome. For example, electrodes incorporating Na+ are often pulverized under the repeated strain of shuttling the relatively large ion, while insertion and transport of Mg2+ is often kinetically slow, which stems from larger electrostatic forces. This review provides an overview of cathode and anode materials for sodium-ion batteries, and a comprehensive summary of research on cathodes for magnesium-ion batteries. In addition, several common experimental discrepancies in the literature are addressed, noting the additional constraints placed on magnesium electrochemistry. Lastly, promising strategies for future study are highlighted.
中文摘要
对于经济和可持续能源存储设备的需求促进了当今电池的研究. 锂离子电池是目前最成熟的技术, 但是电化学储能的应用 可通过降低成本和提高安全性进一步扩大. 钠和镁离子电池有可能成为两种可行的替代技术. 这两种金属比锂更便宜、储量更丰富, 并具有更好的安全特性, 而且二价镁还有一个附加优势, 即每个原子可以传输二倍的电荷. 另一方面, 钠和镁离子电池都还是新兴的研 究领域, 仍有很多挑战需要克服. 例如, 因较大的离子穿梭而造成的重复形变使结合Na+的电极容易粉末化, 而镁离子的插入和传输由 于较大的静电作用力普遍显示出较慢的动力学特性. 本文综述了钠离子电池阴极和阳极材料的概况, 并对镁离子电池阴极的研究进行 了全面总结. 此外, 本综述还讨论了文献中常见的一些实验差异, 指出了镁离子电化学研究的其他限制, 最后, 对未来研究提出了有价 值的观点和策略.
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Robert C. Massé received his BSc degree from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is currently a PhD candidate at the University of Washington under the supervision of Prof. Guozhong Cao. His research interests include electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage devices such as alkali-ion batteries.
Evan Uchaker received his PhD degree in materials science and engineering at the University of Washington under the supervision of Prof. Guozhong Cao. His research interests are focused on the development and understanding of kinetically stabilized and defected electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage devices such as alkali-ion batteries.
Guozhong Cao is Boeing-Steiner Professor of materials science and engineering, professor of chemical engineering, and adjunct professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Washington, and also a professor at Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Dalian University of Technology. His current research is focused on chemical processing of nanomaterials for energy related applications including solar cells, rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, and hydrogen storage.
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Massé, R.C., Uchaker, E. & Cao, G. Beyond Li-ion: electrode materials for sodium- and magnesium-ion batteries. Sci. China Mater. 58, 715–766 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-015-0084-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-015-0084-8