Abstract
A novel green lubricating oil additive (carbon quantum dot (CQD) particle-doped nickel (Ni-CQD)) was synthesized from citric acid and nickel acetate. The effects of CQD and Ni-CQD nanoparticles on the tribological behaviors of polyethylene glycol (PEG200) were investigated under different loads and reciprocation speeds. The results indicate that CQD and Ni-CQD particles can both enhance the lubrication properties of PEG200. However, the Ni-CQD nanoparticles enhanced the lubrication properties more than the plain CQD particles did. The average friction coefficient and wear rate of PEG200 containing 2 wt% Ni-CQDs were reduced by 35.5% and 36.4%, respectively, compared to PEG200 containing pure CQDs under a load of 8 N and reciprocation speed of 25 mm/s over 60 min. The friction and wear mechanisms are attributed to the fact that friction induces the Ni-CQDs to participate in the formation of a tribofilm, resulting in a low friction coefficient and wear rate.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Erdemir A, Ramirez G, Eryilmaz O L, Narayanan B, Liao Y F, Kamath G, Sankaranarayanan S K R S. Carbon-based tribofilms from lubricating oils. Nature536(7614): 67–71 (2016)
Ewen J P, Heyes D M, Dini D. Advances in nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of lubricants and additives. Friction6(4): 349–386 (2018)
Wong V W, Tung S C. Overview of automotive engine friction and reduction trends-Effects of surface, material, and lubricant- additive technologies. Friction4(1): 1–28 (2016)
Qu J, Barnhill W C, Luo H M, Meyer III H M, Leonard D N, Landauer A K, Kheireddin B, Gao H, Papke B L, Dai S. Synergistic effects between phosphonium-alkylphosphate ionic liquids and zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) as lubricant additives. AdvMater 27(32): 4767–4774 (2015)
Sharma V, Johansson J, Timmons R B, Prakash B, Aswath P B. Tribological interaction of plasma-functionalized polytetrafluoroethylene nanoparticles with ZDDP and ionic liquids. Tribol Lett66: 107 (2018)
Niste V B, Tanaka H, Sugimura J. The importance of temperature in generating ZDDP tribofilms efficient at preventing hydrogen permeation in rolling contacts. Tribol Trans61(5): 930–937 (2018)
Li X M, Rui M C, Song J Z, Shen Z H, Zeng H B. Carbon and graphene quantum dots for optoelectronic and energy devices: A Review. Adv Funct Mater25(31): 4929–4947 (2015)
Deepika, Li L H, Glushenkov A M, Hait S K, Hodgson P, Chen Y. High-efficient production of boron nitride nanosheets via an optimized ball milling process for lubrication in oil. Sci Rep4: 7288 (2014)
Gao W, Tkatchenko A. Sliding mechanisms in multilayered hexagonal boron nitride and graphene: The effects of directionality, thickness, and sliding constraints. Phys Rev Lett114(9): 096101 (2015)
Podgornik B, Kosec T, Kocijan A, Donik Č. Tribological behaviour and lubrication performance of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as a replacement for graphite in aluminium forming. Tribol Int81: 267–275 (2015)
Kundu S, Sarojinijeeva P, Karthick R, Anantharaj G, Saritha G, Bera R, Anandan S, Patra A, Ragupathy P, Selvaraj M, et al. Enhancing the efficiency of DSSCs by the modification of TiO2 photoanodes using N, F and S, co-doped graphene quantum dots. Electrochim Acta242: 337–343 (2017)
Gong P W, Wang J Q, Hou K M, Yang Z G, Wang Z F, Liu Z, Han X X, Yang S R. Small but strong: The influence of fluorine atoms on formation and performance of graphene quantum dots using a gradient F-sacrifice strategy. Carbon112: 63–71 (2017)
Liang S S, Shen Z G, Yi M, Liu L, Zhang X J, Ma S L. In-situ exfoliated graphene for high-performance water-based lubricants. Carbon96: 1181–1190 (2016)
Zhang D W, Tian L, Guo H L. Preparation and optical properties of graphene quantum dots containing nitrogen. J Inorg Mater31(10): 1121–1128 (2016)
Gupta B, Kumar N, Panda K, Dash S, Tyagi A K. Energy efficient reduced graphene oxide additives: Mechanism of effective lubrication and antiwear properties. Sci Rep6: 18372 (2016)
Umrao S, Jang M H, Oh J H, Kim G, Sahoo S, Cho Y H, Srivastva A, Oh I K. Microwave bottom-up route for sizetunable and switchable photoluminescent graphene quantum dots using acetylacetone: New platform for enzyme-free detection of hydrogen peroxide. Carbon81: 514–524 (2015)
Berman D, Erdemir A, Sumant A V. Graphene: A new emerging lubricant. Mater Today17(1): 31–42 (2014)
Liang H Y, Bu Y F, Zhang J Y, Cao Z Y, Liang A M. Graphene oxide film as solid lubricant. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces5(13): 6369–6375 (2013)
Dong Y Q, Shao J W, Chen C Q, Li H, Wang R X, Chi Y W, Lin X M, Chen G N. Blue luminescent graphene quantum dots and graphene oxide prepared by tuning the carbonization degree of citric acid. Carbon50(12): 4738–4743 (2012)
Zhang W, Zhou M, Zhu H W, Tian Y, Wang K L, Wei J Q, Ji F, Li X, Li Z, Zhang P, et al. Tribological properties of oleic acid-modified graphene as lubricant oil additives. J Phys D: Appl Phys44(20): 205303 (2011)
Liu R L, Wu D Q, Feng X L, Müllen K. Bottom-up fabrication of photoluminescent graphene quantum dots with uniform morphology. J Am Chem Soc133(39): 15221–15223 (2011)
Gupta B, Panda K, Kumar N, Melvin A A, Dash S, Tyagi A K. Chemically grafted graphite nanosheets dispersed in poly(ethylene-glycol) by γ-radiolysis for enhanced lubrication. RSC Adv5(66): 53766–53775 (2015)
Shang W J, Cai T, Zhang Y X, Liu D, Liu S G. Facile one pot pyrolysis synthesis of carbon quantum dots and graphene oxide nanomaterials: All carbon hybrids as eco-environmental lubricants for low friction and remarkable wear-resistance. Tribol Int118: 373–380 (2018)
Ye Q H, Yan F Y, Luo Y M, Wang Y Y, Zhou X G, Chen L. Formation of N, S-codoped fluorescent carbon dots from biomass and their application for the selective detection of mercury and iron ion. Spectrochim Acta Part A, Mol Biomol Spectrosc173: 854–862 (2017)
Wang J, Qiu F X, Li X, Wu H Y, Xu J C, Niu X H, Pan J M, Zhang T, Yang D Y. A facile one-pot synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots from degrease cotton for the selective determination of chromium ions in water and soil samples. J Lumin188: 230–237 (2017)
Ma Y S, Cen Y, Sohail M, Xu G H, Wei F D, Shi M L, Xu X M, Song Y Y, Ma Y J, Hu Q. A ratiometric fluorescence universal platform based on N, Cu codoped carbon dots to detect metabolites participating in H2O2-generation reactions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces9(38): 33011–33019 (2017)
Zhang Y X, Cai T, Shang W J, Liu D, Guo Q, Liu S G. Facile synthesis of photoluminescent inorganic-organic hybrid carbon dots codoped with B and N: Towards an efficient lubrication additive. Dalton Trans46(36): 12306–12312 (2017)
Ma W, Gong Z B, Gao K X, Qiang L, Zhang J Y, Yu S R. Superlubricity achieved by carbon quantum dots in ionic liquid. Mater Lett195: 220–223 (2017)
Wang B G, Tang W W, Lu H S, Huang Z Y. Ionic liquid capped carbon dots as a high-performance friction-reducing and antiwear additive for poly(ethylene glycol). J Mater Chem A4(19): 7257–7265 (2016)
Lei Y, Jiang J L, Bi T T, Du J F, Pang X J. Tribological behavior of in situ fabricated graphene-nickel matrix composites. RSC Adv8(39): 22113–22121 (2018)
Lei Y, Du J F, Pang X J, Wang H Z, Yang H, Jiang J L. Tribological properties and lubrication mechanism of in situ graphene-nickel matrix composite impregnated with lubricating oil. Mater Res Express5(5): 056512 (2018)
Jiang J L, He X X, Du J F, Pang X J, Yang H, Wei Z Q. In-situ fabrication of graphene-nickel matrix composites. Mater Lett220: 178–181 (2018)
Lei Y, Jiang J L, Bi T T, Wei Z Q. Effect of counterparts and applied load on the tribological behavior of the graphenenickel matrix self-lubricating composite. Tribol Lett66(4): 129 (2018)
Yang J, Chen W L, Liu X P, Zhang Y, Bai Y. Hydrothermal synthesis and photoluminescent mechanistic investigation of highly fluorescent nitrogen doped carbon dots from amino acids. Mater Res Bull89: 26–32 (2017)
Hu E Z, Hu K H, Xu Z Y, Hu X G, Dearn K D, Xu Y, Xu Y F, Xu L. Investigation into the morphology, composition, structure and dry tribological behavior of rice husk ceramic particles. Appl Surf Sci366: 372–382 (2016)
Hu E Z, Hu X G, Liu T X, Liu Y M, Song R H, Chen Y Z. Investigation of morphology, structure and composition of biomass-oil soot particles. Appl Surf Sci 270: 596–603 (2013)
Cheng L H, Yu D R, Hu E Z, Tang Y C, Hu K H, Dearn K D, Hu X G, Wang M. Surface modified rice husk ceramic particles as a functional additive: Improving the tribological behaviour of aluminium matrix composites. Carbon Lett26(1): 51–60 (2018)
Hu E Z, Xu Y F, Hu X G, Pan L J, Jiang S T. Corrosion behaviors of metals in biodiesel from rapeseed oil and methanol. Renew Energy37(1): 371–378 (2012)
Huang H, Hu H L, Qiao S, Bai L, Han M M, Liu Y, Kang Z H. Carbon quantum dot/CuSx nanocomposites towards highly efficient lubrication and metal wear repair. Nanoscale7(26): 11321–11327 (2015)
Hu E Z, Hu X G, Liu T X, Fang L, Dearn K D, Xu H M. The role of soot particles in the tribological behavior of engine lubricating oils. Wear304(1-2): 152–161 (2013)
Hu E Z, Dearn K, Yang B X, Song R H, Xu Y F, Hu X G. Tribofilm formation and characterization of lubricating oils with biofuel soot and inorganic fluorides. Tribol Int107: 163–172 (2017)
Lin J, Wang Li, Chen G. Modification of graphene platelets and their tribological properties as a lubricant additive. Tribol Lett41: 209–215 (2011)
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to express their gratitude to Mrs. Ziyan Lu and Mr. Lei Wang for their assistance with SEM/EDS and HRTEM testing. Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51505121), Anhui University Outstanding Young Talents Foreign Visiting and Training Program (gxgwfx 2018069), Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Grant Nos.1608085QE119), and Natural Science Foundation Project of the Anhui Education Committee (KJ2017A536) is gratefully acknowledged. Some of the experimental equipment used in this study in the Birmingham Centre for Cryogenic Energy Storage was obtained with support from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council under the Eight Great Technologies: Energy Storage theme (EP/L017725/1).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Zhiqiang TU. He received his bachelor degree in water supply and drainage science and engineering in 2017 from Binjiang College, Nanjing University of Information Technology, Nanjing, China. After then, he was a master student in biological and environmental engineering at Hefei University. His research fields include biomass lubricant additives and biomass carbon quantum dot.
Enzhu HU. He received his master and Ph.D degrees in chemical engineering and environmental protection equipment and monitoring engineering from Hefei University of Technology, in 2011 and 2014, respectively. He joined the Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering at Hefei University from 2015. His current position is an associate professor and the director of the teaching and research Office. He is also a visiting scholar in Darmstadt University of Applied Science, Germany, in 2018. His research areas cover the tribology of biomaterials such as the nano fullerene and carbon quantum dots.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Tu, Z., Hu, E., Wang, B. et al. Tribological behaviors of Ni-modified citric acid carbon quantum dot particles as a green additive in polyethylene glycol. Friction 8, 182–197 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-019-0272-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-019-0272-8