Abstract
A nonlinear ultrasonic technique has been developed to evaluate sensitization in Type 304 stainless steel. In order to achieve different degree of sensitization (DOS), specimens have been subjected to heat treatment at 675 °C at varying soaking time (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 h). Heat treated specimens were subjected to intergranular corrosion tests as per ASTM standards A262 and G108. Sensitization in longer soaked material has been confirmed through ditch microstructures, cracks on the bend tested specimens and higher degree of sensitization. Nonlinear ultrasonic studies showed variation in the nonlinearity parameter with soaking time which also confirms sensitization. A good correlation was observed between the degree of sensitization measured by the electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation test and the ultrasonic nonlinearity parameter. This study clearly demonstrated that nonlinear ultrasonic technique can be used as a potential technique for non-destructive characterization of sensitization in austenitic stainless steel.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
J.C. Lippold and D.J. Kotecki, Welding Metallurgy and Weldability of Stainless Steels, Wiley Interscience, 2005, p..
F.R. Beckitt and B.R. Clark, Acta. Metall. 15 (1967) 113.
M.H. Lewis and B. Hattersley, Acta. Metall. 13 (1965) 1159.
E. Ranjbarnodeh, H. Pouraliakbar and A.H. Kokabi, Int. J. Mech. Appl. 2 (2012) 117.
A.B. Korostelev, V.Y. Abramov and V.N. Belous, J. Nucl. Mater. 233–237 (1996) 1361.
A.Y. Kina, V.M. Souza, S.S.M. Tavares, J.M. Pardal and J.A. Souza, Mater. Charact. 59 (2008) 651.
V. Cihal and R. Stefec, Electrochim. Acta. 46 (2001) 3867.
N. Parvathavarthini, R.K. Gupta, A.V. Kumar, S. Ramya and U.K. Mudali, Corros. Sci. 53 (2011) 3202.
T.N. Prasanthi, C. Sudha, P. Parameswaran, R. Punniyamoorthy, S. Chandramouli, S. Saroja, K.K. Rajan and M. Vijayalakshmi, Eng. Fail. Anal. 31 (2013) 28.
R.W. Fuller, J.Q. Ehrgott Jr., W.F. Heard, S.D. Robert, R.D. Stinson, K. Solanki and M.F. Horstemeyer, Eng. Fail. Anal. 15 (2008) 835.
H. Shaikh, B.P.C. Rao, S. Gupta, R.P. George, S. Venugopal, B. Sasi, T. Jayakumar and H.S. Khatak, Brit. Corros. J. 37(2) (2002) 129.
H. Shaikh, N. Sivaibharasi, B. Sasi, T. Anita, R. Amirthalingam, B.P.C. Rao, T. Jayakumar, H.S. Khatak and B. Raj, Corros. Sci. 48 (2006) 1462.
J. Stella, J. Cerezo and E. Rodriguez, NDT&E Int. 42 (2009) 267.
J.H. Cantrell, Fundamentals and Applications of Nonlinear Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation, In: T. Kundu, ed., Nondestructive Evaluation Engineering and Biological Material Characterization, CRC Press, New York, 2004, p. 363.
D.C. Hurley, D. Balzar and P.T. Purtscher, J. Mater. Res. 15 (2000) 2036.
A. Viswanath, B.P.C. Rao, S. Mahadevan, T. Jayakumar and B. Raj, J. Mater. Sci. 45 (2010) 6719.
Y. Xiang, M. Deng, F.Z. Xuan and C.J. Liu, J. Appl. Phys. 111 (2012) 104905.
A. Metya, M. Ghosh, N. Parida and S.P. Sagar, NDTE Int. 4 (2008) 484.
K. Balasubramaniam, J.S. Valluri and R.V. Prasad, Mater. Charact. 62 (2011) 275.
S. Baby, B.N. Kowmudi, C.M. Omprakash, D.V.V. Satyanarayana and K. Balasubramaniam, V. Kumar, Scr. Mater. 59 (2008) 818.
A. Viswanath, B.P.C. Rao, S. Mahadevan, P. Parameswaran, T. Jayakumar and B. Raj, J. Mater. Proc. Technol. 211 (2011) 538.
J. H. Cantrell and W.T. Yost, Int. J. Fatigue 23 (2001) 487.
J.Y. Kim, L.J. Jacobs, J. Qu, J. Accoust. Soc. Am. 120 (2006) 1266.
S.P. Sagar, S. Das, N. Parida and D.K. Bhattacharya, Scr. Mater. 55 (2006) 199.
J.H. Cantrell, J. Appl. Phys. 106 (2009) 093516.
A. Kumar, C.J. Torbet, J.W. Jones and T.M. Pollock, J. Appl. Phys. 106 (2009) 024904.
V.V.S.J. Rao, E. Kannan, R.V. Prakash and K. Balasubramaniam, J. Appl. Phys. 104 (2008) 123508.
H. Ogi, M. Hirao and S. Aoki, J. Appl. Phys. 90 (2001) 438.
T.H. Lee and K.Y. Jhang, NDTE Int. 42 (2009) 757.
K.H. Matlack, J.J. Wall, J.Y. Kim, J. Qu and L.J. Jacobs, J. Appl. Phys. 111 (2012) 054911.
Y. Xiang, M. Deng, F.Z. Xuan and C.J. Liu, NDTE Int. 44 (2011) 768.
C.S. Kim, I.K. Part and K.Y. Jhang, NDTE Int. 42 (2009) 204.
S. Liu, A.J. Croxford, S.A. Neild and Z. Zhou, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freg. Control. 58 (2011) 1442.
J.H. Cantrell and W.T. Yost, Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 (2000) 1952.
J.H. Cantrell and W.T. Yost, J. Appl. Phys. 81 (1997) 2957.
C. Mondal, A. Mukhopadhyay and R. Sarkar, J. Appl. Phys. 108 (2000) 124910.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Abraham, S.T., Albert, S.K., Das, C.R. et al. Assessment of sensitization in AISI 304 stainless steel by nonlinear ultrasonic method. ACTA METALL SIN 26, 545–552 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-013-0168-y
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-013-0168-y