Abstract
Bridge pier scouring measurement in the field, especially during flood season, is very difficult. This study experimentally investigated the pier scour pattern to find better alternatives to represent the actual field conditions. For this purpose, piers of different shapes (circular and square) and different sizes were modeled in the laboratory. The contour maps were drawn to check the extent of possible damage caused by scouring. Under the same laboratory flow conditions and sediment properties, scour depth resulted from square-shaped piers was more evident compared to circular piers and pier geometry. It was also evident that the scour depth increases with an increase in pier size. The contour maps could reflect different flow conditions, sediment, and pier geometry. The scouring process could identify the extent of remedial measures needed. The models developed were regression, artificial neural network (ANN), and genetic function (GF) based, and the results obtained from these models were compared with the experimental data. From the models comparison based on coefficient of determination (\(R^{2})\), the dimensional variables-based regression, ANN, and GF models depicted \(R^{2}\) values as 0.38, 0.64, and 0.67, respectively, which were inferior to the corresponding \(R^{2}\) values of 0.80, 0.95, and 0.97 for models developed using non-dimensional input variables. Overall, GF-based model performed better than the rest of the models not only because it gave higher \(R^{2}\) values and less measured error but also because it resulted in more simple, compact, and explicit expression for bridge pier scour.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Abbreviations
- \({d}_{50}\) :
-
Median size of bed material (mm)
- b :
-
Pier width
- y :
-
Flow depth
- V :
-
Flow velocity
- \({d}_{\mathrm{s}}\) :
-
Scour depth
References
Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT): Bridge Scour Manual. FDOT, Tallahassee (2005)
Khan, M.; Azmatullah, H.M.; Tufail, M.: Gene-expression programming to predict pier scour depth using laboratory data. J. Hydroinform. 14(3), 628–645 (2012)
Yanmaz, A.M.; Üstün, İ.: Generalized reliability model for local scour around bridge piers of various shapes. Turk. J. Eng. Environ. Sci. 25, 687–698 (2001)
Hancu, S.: Sur le calcul des affouillements locaux dams lazone des piles des ponts. In: Proceedings of the 14th IAHR Congress, Paris, France, Vol. 3. IAHR, Madrid, Spain, pp. 299–313 (1971)
Jain, S.C.; Fischer, E.E.: Scour around circular piers at high Froude numbers. Report No. FHWA-RD- 79-104, U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC (1979)
Ettema, R.: Scour at bridge piers. Report No. 216. University of Auckland, Auckland (1980)
Chee, R.K.W.: Live-bed scour at bridge piers. Report No. 290, School of Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland (1982)
Chiew, M.Y.: Local scour andriprap stability at bridge piers in a degrading channel. J. Hydraul. Eng. 130(3), 218–226 (1984)
Yanmaz, A.M.; Altinbilek, H.D.: Study of time-dependent local scour bridge piers. J. Hydraul. Eng. 117(10), 1247–1268 (1991)
Kothyari, U.C.; Grade, R.J.; Ranga Raju, K.G.: Temporal variation of scour around circular bridge piers. J. Hydraul. Eng. 118(8), 1091–1106 (1992)
Melville, B.W.: Pier and abutment scour: integrated approach. J. Hydraul. Eng. 123(2), 125–136 (1997)
Molinas, A.; Abdou, M.I.: Effects of gradation and cohesion on bridge scour. Vol. 1, Effect of sediment gradation and coarse material fraction on clear water scour around bridge piers, Federal Highway Administration, FHWA-RD-99-183
Ettema, R.; Melville, B.W.; Barkdoll, B.: Scale effect of pier scour experiments. J. Hydraul. Eng. 124(6), 639–642 (1999)
Melville, B.W.; Chiew, Y.M.: Time scale for local scour depth at bridge piers. J. Hydraul. Eng. 125(1), 59–65 (2000)
Lauchlan, S.C.; Melville, B.W.: Riprap protection at bridge piers. J. Hydraul. Eng. 127(5), 412–418 (2001)
Ting, F.C.K.; Briaud, J.L.; Chen, H.C.; Gudavalli, R.; Perugu, S.; Wei, G.: Flume tests for scour in clay at circular piers. J. Hydraul. Eng. 127(11), 554–556 (2001)
Oliveto, G.; Hager, W.H.: Temporal evolution of clear-water pier and abutment scour. J. Hydraul. Eng. 128(9), 811–820 (2002)
Mia, M.; Nago, H.: Design method of time-dependent local scour at circular bridge pier. J. Hydraul. Eng. 129(6), 420–427 (2003)
Sheppard, D.M.; Odeh, M.; Glasser, T.: Large scale clearwater local pier scour experiments. J. Hydraul. Eng. 130(10), 957–963 (2004)
Mohamed, T.A.; Noor, M.M.; Ghazali, A.H.; Huat, B.K.: Validation of some bridge pier scour formulae using field and laboratory data. Am. J. Environ. Sci. 1(2), 119–125 (2005)
Akib, S.; Rahman, S.: Time development of local scour around semi integral bridge piers and piles in Malaysia. World Acad. Sci. Eng. Tech. Int. J. Civil Struct. Constr. Archit. Eng. 7(7), 243–248 (2013)
Özalp, M.C.: Experimental investigation of local scour around bridge pier groups. M.Sc. thesis, Department of Civil Engineering. The graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Middle East Technical University (2013)
Khwairakpam, P.; Ray, S.S.; Das, S.; Das, R.; Mazumdar, A.: Scour hole characteristics around a vertical pier under clear water scour conditions. ARPN J. Eng. App. Sci. 7(6), 649–654 (2012)
Chreties, C.; Simarro, G.; Teixeira, L.: New experimental method to find equilibrium scour at bridge piers. J. Hydraul. Eng. 134(10), 1491–1495 (2008)
Mohammed, Y.A.; Saleh, Y.K.; Ali, A.-Z.M.: Experimental investigation of local scour around multi-vents bridge piers. Alexandria Eng. J. 5(2), 197–203 (2015)
Kang, J.; Yeo, H.: Shear stress variation at scour hole of circular pier. J. Sci. Res. 4(11), 826–831 (2012)
Aghaee-Shalmani, Y.; Hakimzadeh, H.: Experimental investigation of scour around semi-conical piers under steady current action. Eur. J. Environ. Civil Eng. 19(6), 717–732 (2015)
Aksoy, A.O.; Eski, O.Y.: Experimental investigation of local scour around circular bridge piers under steady state flow conditions. Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering. J. S. Afr. Inst. Civ. Eng. 58(3), 21–27 (2016)
Azevedo, M.L.; Leite, F.C.; Lima, M.M.C.L.: Experimental study of scour around circular and elongated bridge piers with and without pier slot, Conferência Nacional de Mecânica dos Fluidos, Termodinâmica e Energia MEFTE, 11–12 Setembro 2014, p. 2014. Portugal APMTAC, Porto (2014)
Hou, J.; Zhang, L.; Gong, Y.; Ning, D.; Zhang, Z.: Theoretical and experimental study of scour depth by submerged water jet. Adv. Mech. Eng. 8(12), 1–9 (2016)
López, G.; Teixeira, L.; Ortega-Sánchez, M.; Simarro, G.: Estimating final scour depth under clear-water flood waves. J. Hydrol. Eng. 140(3), 332–340 (2014)
Tafarojnoruz, A.; Gaudio, R.; Grimaldi, C.; Calomino, F.: Required conditions to achieve maximum local scour depth at a circular pier. In: Proceedings of XXXII Convegno Nazionale di Idraulica e Costruzioni Idrauliche, 14–17 September 2010, Palermo, Italy
Williams, P.D.: Scale effects on design estimation of scour depths at piers. Electronic theses and dissertations. Paper 5117 (2014)
Tufail, M.; Ormsbee, L.E.: A fixed functional set genetic algorithm (FFSGAM) approach for functional approximation. IWA J. Hydroinf. 3, 193–206 (2006)
Lee, T.L.; Jeng, D.S.; Zhang, G.H.; Hong, J.H.: Neural network modeling for estimation of scour depth around bridge piers. J. Hydrodyn. 19(3), 378–386 (2007)
Goldberg, D.E.: Genetic Algorithms in Search Optimization and Machine Learning. Addison-Wesley, New York (1989)
Lingireddy, S.; Brion, G.M.; Chandramouli, V.; Neelakantan, T.R.: Neural Network Modeling Software for Water and Environmental Engineering. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, Civil Engineering Department (2003)
Wang, Y.-H.; Jiang, W.-G.; Wang, Y.-H.: Scale effects in scour physical-model tests: cause and alleviation. J. Mar. Sci. Technol. 21(5), 532–537 (2013)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khan, M., Tufail, M., Ajmal, M. et al. Experimental Analysis of the Scour Pattern Modeling of Scour Depth Around Bridge Piers. Arab J Sci Eng 42, 4111–4130 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2599-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2599-7