Abstract
We investigated a novel green route synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using watermelon rind powder extract (WR-AgNPs) as a reducing and capping agent. The efficiency of nanoparticle synthesis was evaluated by comparing the structure, functional groups, antibacterial activity, and cytotoxic effects with commercial AgNPs (C-AgNPs). The AgNP production was initially confirmed based on color changes and wavelength scanning by ultraviolet–visible spectra, which exhibited a surface plasmon resonance peak at 450 nm. We used energy-dispersive spectroscopy to confirm silver and sample purity of both experimental and commercial AgNPs from 2 to 4 keV. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that the AgNPs were reduced and capped with biomolecules from functional groups in the watermelon powder extract. Further, the analysis showed that the synthesized AgNPs were similar to C-AgNPs. The morphology and crystalline nature of both AgNPs were determined using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. In addition, the synthesized and commercial AgNPs were subjected to antibacterial and cytotoxicity assays. Three-way ANOVA indicated that treatments for WR-AgNPs or C-AgNPs as well as concentration and time had significant effects on Brevibacterium linens and Staphylococcus epidermidis—an odor-causing bacteria. With respect to cytotoxic effects, 67 % cell death was observed with high concentrations (10 mg/L) of both AgNPs.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Velmurugan P., Shim J., Balachander V., Kamala-Kannan S., Lee K.J., Oh B.T.: Crystallization of silver through reduction process using Elaeis guineensis biosolid extract. Biotechnol. Prog. 27, 273–279 (2011)
Velmurugan P., Iydroose M., AbdulKader Mohideen M.H., Mohan T.S., Cho M., Oh B.T.: Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Bacillus subtilis EWP-46 cell-free extract and evaluation of its antibacterial activity. Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 37, 1527–1534 (2014)
Velmurugan P., Cho M., Lim S.S., Seo S.K., Myung H., Bang K.S., Sivakumar S., Cho K.M., Oh B.T.: Phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by Prunus yedoensis leaf extract and their antimicrobial activity. Mater. Lett. 138, 272–275 (2015)
Reddy V., Torati R.S., Oh S., Kim C.G.: Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles assisted by Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. Fruit pericarp and their catalytic application for the reduction of p-nitroaniline. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52, 556–564 (2013)
Velmurugan P., Cho M., Lee S.M., Park J.H., Bae S., Oh B.T.: Antimicrobial fabrication of cotton fabric and leather using green-synthesized nanosilver. Carbohyd. Polym. 106, 319–325 (2014)
Dauthal P., Mukhopadhyay M.: Agro-industrial waste-mediated synthesis and characterization of gold and silver nanoparticles and their catalytic activity for 4-nitroaniline hydrogenation. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 32, 837–844 (2015)
Lee K.J., Park S.H., Govarthanan M., Hwang P.H., Seo Y.S., Cho S., Lee W.H., Lee J.Y., Kamala-Kannan S., Oh B.T.: Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using cow milk and their antifungal activity against phytopathogens. Mater. Lett. 105, 128–131 (2013)
Ahmad A., Mukherjee P., Senapati S., Mandal D., Khan M.I., Kumar R., Sastry M.: Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 28, 313–318 (2003)
Bankar A., Joshi B., Kumar A.R., Zinjarde S.: Banana peel extract mediated novel route for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Colloids Surf. A. Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 368, 58–63 (2010)
Roopan S.M., Bharathi A., Kumar R., Khanna V.G., Prabhakarn A.: Acaricidal, insecticidal, and larvicidal efficacy of aqueous extract of Annona squamosa L peel as biomaterial for the reduction of palladium salts into nanoparticles. Colloids Surf. B. Biointerfaces 92, 209–212 (2012)
Kumar R., Roopan S.M., Prabhakarn A., Khanna V.G., Chakroborty S.: Agricultural waste Annona squamosa peel extract: biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. Spectrochim. Acta A. Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 90, 173–176 (2012)
Edison T.J., Sethuraman M.G.: Biogenic robust synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Punica granatum peel and its application as a green catalyst for the reduction of an anthropogenic pollutant 4-nitrophenol. Spectrochim. Acta A. Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 4, 262–264 (2013)
Kaviya S., Santhanalakshmi J., Viswanathan B., Muthumary J., Srinivasan K.: Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using citrus sinensis peel extract and its antibacterial activity. Spectrochim. Acta A. Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 79, 594–598 (2011)
Manal A.A., Awatif A.H., Khalid M.O.O., Elradi F.A.E., Nada E.E., Lamina A.A., Shorog M.A., Nada M.M., Abdelelah A.G.A.: Silver nanoparticles biogenic synthesized using an orange peel extract and their use as an anti-bacterial agent. J. Nanopart. Res. 9, 34–40 (2014)
Lakshmipathy R., Palakshi Reddy B., Sarada N.C., Chidambaram K., Khadeer Pasha S.K.: Watermelon rind-mediated green synthesis of noble palladium nanoparticles: catalytic application. Appl. Nanosci. 5, 223–228 (2015)
Ara K., Hama M., Akiba S., Koike K., Okisaka K., Hagura T., Kamiya T., Tomita F.: Foot odor due to microbial metabolism and its control. Can. J. Microbiol. 52, 357–364 (2006)
Kanlayavattanakul M., Lourith N.: Body malodours and their topical treatment agents. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 33, 298–311 (2011)
Aravinthan A., Govarthanan M., Selvam K., Praburaman L., Selvankumar T., Balamurugan R., Kamala-Kannan S., Kim J.H.: Sunroot mediated synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles and evaluation of its antibacterial and rat splenocyte cytotoxic effects. Int. J. Nanomedicine 10, 1977–1983 (2015)
Lu L., Hsieh M., Oriss T.B., Morel P.A., Starzl T.E., Rao A.S., Thomson A.W.: Generation of dendritic cells from mouse spleen cell cultures in response to GM-CSF: immunophenotypic and functional analyses. Immunology 84, 127–134 (1995)
Abdel-Halim E.S., El-Rafie M.H., Al-Deyab S.S.: Polyacrylamide/guar gum graft copolymer for preparation of silver nanoparticles. Carbohydr. Polym. 85, 692–697 (2011)
Vigneshwaran N., Nachane R.P., Balasubramanya R.H., Varadarajan P.V.: A novel one-pot ’green’ synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles using soluble starch. Carbohydr. Res. 341, 2012–2018 (2006)
Bar H., Bhui D.K., Sahoo G.P., Sarkar P., De S.P., Misra A.: Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using latex of Jatropha curcas. Colloids Surf. A. Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 339, 134–139 (2009)
Raveendran P., Fu J., Wallen S.L.: Completely ”green” synthesis and stabilization of metal nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 13940–13941 (2003)
Velmurugan P., Iydroose M., Lee S.M., Cho M., Park J.H., Balachandar V., Oh B.T.: Synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using cashew nut shell liquid and its antibacterial activity against fish pathogens. Indian J. Microbiol. 54, 196–202 (2014)
Stevenson A.P., Bea D.B., Civit S., Contera S.A., Cerveto A.I., Trigueros S.: Three strategies to stabilise nearly monodispersed silver nanoparticles in aqueous solution. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 7, 151–158 (2012)
Valencia G.A., Vercik L.C.D.O., Ferrari R., Vercik A.: Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using water-soluble starch and its antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus. Starch/Starke 65, 931–937 (2013)
Velmurugan P., Park J.H., Lee S.M., Jang J.S., Lee K.J., Han S.S., Lee S.H., Cho M., Oh B.T.: Synthesis and characterization of nanosilver with antibacterial properties using Pinus densiflora young cone extract. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. Biol. 147, 63–68 (2015)
Vivek R., Thangam R., Muthuchelian K., Gunasekaran P., Kaveri K., Kannan S.: Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Annona squamosa leaf extract and its in vitro cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells. Process Biochem. 47, 2405–2410 (2012)
Tarazona-Diaz M.P., Viegas J., Moldao-Martinsc M., Aguayo E.: Bio-active compounds from flesh and by-product of fresh-cut watermelons cultivars. J. Sci. Food Agr. 91, 805–812 (2011)
Seema G., Amrish C.: Bio synthesis and anthelmintic activity of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Saraca indica leaves. Int. J. Therap. Appl. 7, 9–12 (2012)
Mohan, H.: Textbook of Pathology, 5th edn. Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi (2005)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Palanivel Velmurugan and Sung-Chul Hong have contributed equally to this work.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Velmurugan, P., Hong, SC., Aravinthan, A. et al. Comparison of the Physical Characteristics of Green-Synthesized and Commercial Silver Nanoparticles: Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Effects. Arab J Sci Eng 42, 201–208 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-016-2254-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-016-2254-8