Abstract
Extensive experience demonstrates that the durability of concrete structures is related not only to design and material but also to construction issues. Upon completion of new concrete structures, the achieved construction quality always shows a high scatter and variability, and in severe environments, any weaknesses in the concrete structures will soon be revealed whatever specifications and constituent materials have been applied. In order to better take all this variability into account, a probability-based durability design should be applied. Since many durability problems also can be related to poor quality control as well as special problems during concrete construction, the issue of construction quality and variability must also be firmly grasped before any rational approach to a more controlled durability can be achieved. Therefore, a performance-based concrete quality control during concrete construction with documentation of achieved construction quality and compliance with the specified durability should also be carried out. When the concrete structure is completed, the owner should further be provided with a proper service manual for the future operation of the structure. Only such a service manual for condition assessment and preventive maintenance can provide the ultimate basis for achieving a more controlled durability and service life of concrete structures in severe environments. In the present paper, current experience with probability-based durability design and performance-based concrete quality control is briefly outlined and discussed.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Gjørv OE (2009) Durability design of concrete structures in severe environments. Taylor & Francis, London, p 232 ISBN:978-0-415-41408-1
Atwood WG, Johnson AA (1924) The disintegration of cement in seawater. Trans ASCE 87: 204–230
Gjørv OE (1975) Concrete in the oceans. Mar Sci Commun 1(1): 51–74
Mehta PK (ed) (1996) Proceedings of Odd E. Gjørv symposium on concrete for marine structures. CANMET/ACI, Ottawa, pp 259–279
Wig RJ, Furguson LR (1917) What is the trouble with concrete in sea water? Eng News Rec 79:532, 641, 689, 737, 794
Strategic Highway Research Program Research Plans (1986) Transportation Research Board. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
Yunovich M, Thompson NG, Balvanyos T, Lave L (2001) Corrosion cost and preventive strategies in the United States—Appendix D—highway bridges. FHWA-RD-01-156, Office of Infrastructure Research and Development, Federal Highway Administration, USA
Darwin D (2007) It’s time to invest. Concrete International. President’s Memo 29(10):7
Knudsen A, Jensen FM, Klinghoffer O, Skovsgaard T (1998) Cost-effective enhancement of durability of concrete structures by intelligent use of stainless steel reinforcement. In: Proceedings, conference on corrosion and rehabilitation of reinforced concrete structures, Florida, 15
Horrigmoe G (2000) Future needs in concrete repair technology. In: Gjørv OE, Sakai K (eds) Proceedings, international workshop on concrete technology for a sustainable development in the 21st century.. E & FN Spon, London, pp 332–340 ISBN:0-419-25060-3
Gjørv OE (2002) Durability and service life of concrete structures. In: Proceedings, The First fib Congress, Session 8, 6. Japan Prestressed Concrete Engineering Association, Tokyo, pp 1–16
Grigg NS (1988) Infrastructure engineering and management. Wiley, New York, p 380 ISBN:978-0471849742
Gjørv OE (2000) Controlled service life of concrete structures and environmental consciousness. In: Gjørv OE, Sakai K (eds) Proceedings, international workshop on concrete technology for a sustainable development in the 21st century. E & FN Spon, London, pp 1–13
The European Union (1989) Durability and the construction products directive. Document 89/106/, The European Union
Sarja A, Vesikari E (eds) (1996) Durability design of concrete structures. RILEM Report 14, E & FN SPON, London, 165 pp. ISBN:0-419-21410-0
CEB (1997) New approach to durability design. CEB Bulletin 238, Lausanne, 96
DuraCrete (2000) General guidelines for durability design and redesign. The European Union—Brite EuRam III, Research Project No. BE95-1347. Probabilistic performance based durability design of concrete structures. Document Report 15:109
fib (2006) Model code for service life design. fib Bulletin 34. Federation international du beton—fib, Lausanne, 126 pp. ISBN:978-2-88394-074-1
Gjørv OE (1989) Mechanisms of corrosion of steel in concrete structures. In: Proceedings, international conference on evaluation of materials performance in severe environments—toward the development of materials for marine and other uses, vol 1. The Iron Steel Institute of Japan, Tokyo, pp 565–578
Tuutti K (1982) Corrosion of steel in concrete. Report Fo 4-82. Cement and Concrete Research Institute, Stockholm, 469 pp. ISSN:0346-6906
Collepardi M, Marcialis A, Turriziani R (1970) Kinetics of penetration of chloride ions in concrete. l’Industria Italiana del Cemento 4: 157–164
Collepardi M, Marcialis A, Turriziani R (1972) Penetration of chloride ions into cement pastes and concretes. J Am Ceram Soc 55(10): 534–535
Siemes AJM, Rostam S (1996) Durability, safety and serviceability—a performance based design. In: Proceedings, IABSE colloquium on basis of design and actions on structures, Delft
Engelund S, Sørensen JD (1998) A Probabilistic Model for Chloride-Ingress and Inititation of Corrosion in Reinforced Concrete Structures. Struct Saf 20: 69–89
Gehlen C (2000) Probability-based service life calculations of concrete structures—reliability evaluation of reinforcement corrosion. Dissertation, RWTH-Aachen (in German)
Stewart MG, Rosowsky DV (1998) Structural safety and serviceability of concrete bridges subject to corrosion. J Infrastruct Syst 4(4): 146–155
McGee R (1999) Modelling of durability performance of Tasmanian bridges. In: Proceedings, eight international conference on the application of statistics and probability, Sydney
Gehlen C, Schiessl P (1999) Probability-based durability design for the Western Scheldt Tunnel. Struct Concr P1(2): 1–7
Gehlen C (2007) Durability design according to the new model code for service life design. In: Toutlemonde F, Sakai K, Gjørv OE, Banthia N (eds) Proceedings, fifth international conference on concrete under severe conditions—environment and loading, vol 1. Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris, pp 33–50. ISBN:2-7208-2495-X
Gjørv OE (2004) Durability design and construction quality of concrete structures. In: Oh BH, Sakai K, Gjørv OE, Banthia N (eds) Proceedings, fourth international conference on concrete under severe conditions—environment and loading, vol 1. Seoul National University and Korea Concrete Institute, Seoul, pp 44–55 ISBN:89-89499-02-X93530
NAHE (2004) Durable concrete structures—recommended specifications for new concrete harbor structures. Norwegian Association for Harbor Engineers, TEKNA, Oslo (in Norwegian)
NAHE (2004) Durable concrete structures—Practical guidelines for durability design and quality control of concrete construction work. Norwegian Association for Harbor Engineers, TEKNA, Oslo (in Norwegian)
PIANC Norway/NAHE (2009) Durable concrete structures—Part 1: recommended specifications for new concrete harbor structures. PIANC Norway/Norwegian Association for Harbor Engineers, TEKNA, Oslo (in Norwegian)
PIANC Norway/NAHE (2009) Durable concrete structures—Part 2: general guidelines for durability design and quality control of concrete construction work. PIANC Norway/Norwegian Association for Harbor Engineers, TEKNA, Oslo (in Norwegian)
Poulsen E, Mejlbro L (2006) Diffusion of chlorides in concrete—theory and application. Taylor & Francis, London, p 442 ISBN:0-419-25300-9
Takewaka K, Mastumoto S (1988) Quality and cover thickness of concrete based on the estimation of chloride penetration in marine environments. In: Malhotra VM (ed) Proceedings, second international conference on concrete in marine environment. ACI SP 109, pp 381–400
Tang L, Gulikers J (2007) On the mathematics of time-dependent apparent chloride diffusion coefficient in concrete. Cem Concr Res 37(4): 589–595
Polder RB, de Rooij MR (2005) Durability of marine concrete structures—field investigations and modelling. HERON 50(3): 133–153
Ferreira M, Årskog V, Jalali S, Gjørv OE (2004) Software for probability-based durability analysis of concrete structures. In: Oh BH, Sakai K, Gjørv OE, Banthia N (eds) Proceedings, fourth international conference on concrete under severe conditions—environment and loading, vol 1. Seoul National University and Korea Concrete Institute, Seoul, pp 1015–1024 ISBN:89-89499-02-X 93530
Bijen J (1998) Blast furnace slag cement for durable marine structures. VNC/BetonPrisma, DA’s-Hertogenbosch, 62 pp. ISBN:90-71806-37-5
Schiessl P, Lay S (2005) Influence of concrete composition. In: Böhni H (ed) Corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, pp 91–134 ISBN:0-8493-2583-8
NORDTEST (1989) NT Build 355: concrete, repairing materials and protective coating: diffusion cell method, chloride permeability. NORDTEST, Espoo, p 4. ISSN:0283-7153
NORDTEST (1995) NT Build 443: concrete, hardened: accelerated chloride penetration. NORDTEST, Espoo, p 5. ISSN:0283-7153
NORDTEST (1999) NT Build 492: concrete, mortar and cement based repair materials: chloride migration coefficient from non-steady state migration experiments. NORDTEST, Espoo, p 8. ISSN:0283-7153
Mangat PS, Molloy BT (1994) Prediction of long-term chloride concentration in concrete. Mater Struct 27: 338–346
Thomas MDA, Bamforth PB (1999) Modeling chloride diffusion in concrete—effect of fly ash and slag. Cem Concr Res 29: 487–495
Thomas MDA, Shehata MH, Shashiprakash SG, Hopkins DS, Cail K (1999) Use of ternary cementitious systems containing silica fume and fly ash in concrete. Cem Concr Res 29: 1207–1214
Bamforth PB (1999) The derivation of input data for modeling chloride ingress from eight-year coastal exposure trials. Mag Concr Res 51(2): 87–96
Browne R et al (1980) Marine durability survey of the Tongue Sand Tower. Concrete in the Ocean Program, CIRIA UEG Technical Report No. 5. Cement and Concrete Association, London
Bertolini L, Elsener B, Pediferri P, Polder R (2004) Corrosion of steel in concrete—prevention, diagnosis, repair. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 392 pp. ISBN:3-527-30800-8
Sommerville G (2000) A hollistic approach to structural durability design. In: Gjørv OE, Sakai K (eds) Proceedings, international workshop on concrete technology for a sustainable development in the 21st century. E & FN Spon, London, pp 41–56 ISBN:0-419-25060-3
Helland S, Aarstein R, Maage M (2008) In-field performance of North Sea HSC/HPC offshore platforms with regard to chloride resistance. In: Proceedings, 8th international symposium on utilization of high-strength and high-performance concrete. Japan Concrete Institute, Tokyo, pp 833–840
Gjørv OE, Bathen E (1987) Quality control of the air-void system in hardened concrete. Nord Concr Res 6: 95–110
Atkins PW, De Paula J (2006) Physical chemistry, 8th edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford ISBN:978-0-19-870072-2
Gjørv OE (2003) Durability of concrete structures and performance-based quality control. In: El-Dieb AS, Taha MMR, Lissel SL (eds) Proceedings, international conference on performance of construction materials in the new millenium. Shams University, Cairo, p 10 ISBN:977-237-191
O’Connor DS, Hyman WA (1989) Bridge management systems. Report FHWA-DP-71-01R, Demonstration Project 71, Demonstration Projects Division, Federal Highway Administration, Washington DC
Hudson SW, Carmichael RF, Moser LO, Hudson WR, Wilkes WJ (1987) Bridge management systems. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, NCHRP Report 300, Washington, DC, 80 pp
RIMES (1997) Road infrastructure maintenance evaluation study on pavement and structure management system. EC-DG-VII-RTD, Program Contract No. RO-97-SC 1085/1189
BRIME (1997) Bridge management in Europe. EC-DG-VII-RTD, The European Union, Program Contract No. RO-97-SC.2220
Eri J, Vælitalo SH, Gjørv OE, Pruckner F (1998) Automatic monitoring for control of steel corrosion in concrete structures. In: Gjørv OE, Sakai K, Banthia N (eds) Proceedings, second international conference on concrete under severe conditions—environment and loading, vol 2. E & FN Spon, London, pp 1007–1015 ISBN:0-419-23850-6
Tromposch EW, Dunaszegi L, Gjørv OE, Langley WS (1998) Northumberland Strait Bridge project—strategy for corrosion protection. In: Gjørv OE, Sakai K, Banthia N (eds) Proceedings, second international conference on concrete under severe conditions—environment and loading, vol 3. E & FN Spon, London, pp 1714–1720 ISBN 0-419-23850-6
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Open Access This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
About this article
Cite this article
Gjørv, O.E. Durability of Concrete Structures. Arab J Sci Eng 36, 151–172 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-010-0033-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-010-0033-5