Abstract
Since the North American and Global Land Data Assimilation Systems (NLDAS and GLDAS) were established in 2004, significant progress has been made in development of regional and global LDASs. National, regional, project-based, and global LDASs are widely developed across the world. This paper summarizes and overviews the development, current status, applications, challenges, and future prospects of these LDASs. We first introduce various regional and global LDASs including their development history and innovations, and then discuss the evaluation, validation, and applications (from numerical model prediction to water resources management) of these LDASs. More importantly, we document in detail some specific challenges that the LDASs are facing: quality of the in-situ observations, satellite retrievals, reanalysis data, surface meteorological forcing data, and soil and vegetation databases; land surface model physical process treatment and parameter calibration; land data assimilation difficulties; and spatial scale incompatibility problems. Finally, some prospects such as the use of land information system software, the unified global LDAS system with nesting concept and hyper-resolution, and uncertainty estimates for model structure, parameters, and forcing are discussed.
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Acknowledgment
The authors thank Eric Luebehusen of U.S. Department of Agriculture who helped us generate Fig. 5. We acknowledge Mary Hart for proofreading and editing our first draft, Holly Norton and Roshan Shrestha for the EMC internal review, and three anonymous reviewers for valuable comments.
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Supported by the US Environmental Modeling Center (EMC) Land Surface Modeling Project (granted to Youlong Xia) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (51609111, granted to Baoqing Zhang).
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Xia, Y., Hao, Z., Shi, C. et al. Regional and Global Land Data Assimilation Systems: Innovations, Challenges, and Prospects. J Meteorol Res 33, 159–189 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-019-8172-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-019-8172-4