Abstract
Objective
To study maternal risk factors associated with full term low birth weight (LBW) neonates.
Design
Matched pair case control study.
Setting
Multicenter study including 2 medical colleges and 1 civil hospital, between July 2009 to December 2009.
Patients
Of 2382 neonates screened, 274 full term LBW babies (of 638) and 274 pair matched controls (of 1744) were included in the study. 364 LBW babies were excluded because of premature delivery/gestational age not known (314), unavailability of suitable matched controls (18), and insufficient data (32).
Methods
Maternal factors including birth spacing, height, pre-delivery weight and pregnancy weight gain, age, parity, educational and economic status, type of family, antenatal care (ANC), maternal exposure to tobacco, hypertension and anemia were studied.
Results
Birth spacing <36 months, maternal height ≤145 cm, pre-delivery weight ≤55 kg, pregnancy weight gain ≤6 kg, exposure to tobacco, inadequate antenatal care, maternal hypertension, low socio-economic status, maternal anemia and less maternal education were associated with delivery of a low birth weight infants. Conditional logistic regression analysis showed that significant risk factors associated with low birth weight were inadequate ANC (OR-4.98, 95% CI-2.64 to 9.39), maternal weight before delivery ≤55 kg (OR-4.81, 95% CI-2.53 to 9.15) and height ≤145 cm (OR-4.13, 95% CI-2.04 to 8.37).
Conclusion
Maternal malnutrition, inadequate antenatal care and poor weight gain during pregnancy are significant predictors for delivery of a low birth weight neonate.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Deshmukh JS, Motghare DD, Zodpey SP, Wadhva SK. Low birth weight and associated maternal factors in an urban area. Indian Pediatr. 1998;35:33–36.
Singh G, Chouhan R, Sidhu K. Maternal factors for low birth weight babies. Medical Journal Armed Forces India. 2009;65:10–12
Bhalwar R. Case control studies: Planning, design, conduct and analysis. Journal of Community Health. 2007;9:31–39.
International Classification of Disease, Ninth revision, Volume 1. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1977.
Humphreys RC. An analysis of the maternal and fetal weight factors in normal pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Br Empire. 1954;61:764–771.
Liddell FD. Simplified exact analysis of case-referent studies; matched pairs; dichotomous exposure. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1983;37:82–94.
International Institute of Population Sciences, National Family Health Survey, India. 2005-06 (NFHS-3, Vol. 1) 2007:225.
Kramer MS. Determinants of low birth weight: Methodological assessment and metaanalysis. Bull WHO. 1987;65:663–737.
Ferraz EM, Gray RH, Cunha TM. Determinants of preterm delivery and intrauterine growth retardation in north-east Brazil. Int J Epidomiol. 1990;19:101–108.
Mavalankar DV, Gray RH, Trivedi CR. Risk factors for preterm and term low birth weight in Ahmedabad, India. Int J Epidemiol. 1992;21:263–272.
Fikree FF, Berendes HW. Risk factors for term intrauterine growth retardation: Community based study in Karachi. Bull WHO. 1994;72:581–587.
Pelletier D, Arimond M, Johnson FC, Liang E, Low J, Mvula P, et al. Maternal anthropometry predictors of IUGR and prematurity in Malawi Maternal and Child Nutrition study (OMS Supplement). Bull WHO. 1995;73:81.
Jafari F, Eftekhar H, Pourreza A, Mousavi J. Socioeconomic and medical determinants of low birth weight in Iran: 20 years after establishment of a primary healthcare network. Public Health. 2010;124:153–158.
Acharya D, Nagraj K, Nair NS, Bhat HV. Maternal determinants of intrauterine growth retardation: a case control study in Udupi District, Karnataka. Indian J Community Med. 2004;29:181–183.
Mann LI, Tejani NA, Weiss RR. Antenatal diagnosis and management of small for gestational age fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1974;120:995–1004.
Sharma MK, Kumar D, Huria A, Gupta P. Maternal risk factors of low birth weight in Chandigarh India. Internet J Health. 2009: 9. Available from http://www.ispub.com/journal/the_internet_journal_of_health/volume_9_number_1_12/article/maternal-risk-factors-of-low-birthweight-in-chandigarh-india.html. Accessed 10 December, 2010.
Viengsakhone L, Yoshida Y, Harun-Or-Rashid M, Sakamoto J. Factors affecting low birth weight at four central hospitals in vientiane, Lao PDR. Nagoya J Med Sci. 2010;72:51–58.
Ghosh S. Hooja V, Mittal SK, Verma RK, Ghosh S, Hooja V, et al. Biosocial determinants of birth weight. Indian Pediatr. 1977;14:107–113.
Gupta PC, Sreevidya S. Smokeless tobacco use, birth weight, and gestational age: population based, prospective cohort study of 1217 women in Mumbai, India. BMJ. 2004;328:1538.
Ward C, Lewis S, Coleman T. Prevalence of maternal smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy and impact on birth weight: retrospective study using Millennium Cohort. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:81.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mumbare, S.S., Maindarkar, G., Darade, R. et al. Maternal risk factors associated with term low birth weight neonates: A matched-pair case control study . Indian Pediatr 49, 25–28 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-012-0010-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-012-0010-z