Abstract
Soft sediment deformation structures such as slump folds, clastic dyke, syn-sedimentary faults and convolute bedding are present in the coarse–fine grained yellowish buff coloured sandstone, and interbedded reddish brown fine grained sandstone and yellowish–white siltstone at the Khari River section belonging to Rudramata member of Jhuran Formation (Upper Jurassic), Kutch. These soft sediment deformation structures are confined to lower and middle parts of the section and are invariably underlain as well as overlain by undeformed beds that have restricted lateral and vertical extent and occur in close proximity of Kutch Mainland Fault, thereby suggesting that these structures were formed by seismic activity and therefore represents seismites.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
ALLEN, J.R.L. (1977) The possible mechanics of convolute lamination in graded beds. Jour. Geol., v.134, pp.19–31.
Alsop, G.I. and Marco, S. (2011) Soft-sediment deformation within seismogenic slumps of the Dead Sea Basin. Jour. Struct. Geol., v.33, pp.433–457.
AMBRASEYS, N.N. (1988) Engineering seismology. Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., v.17, pp.1–105.
ANAND, A. and JAIN, A.K. (1987) Earthquakes and deformational structures (seismites) in Holocene sediments from the Himalayan-Andaman Arc, India. Tectonophysiscs, v.133, pp.105–120.
ATKINSON, G. (1984) Simple computation of liquefaction probability for seismic hazard application. Earthquake Spectra, v.1, pp.107–123.
AUDEMARD, F.A. and DE SANTIS, F. (1991) Survey of liquefaction structures induced by recent moderate earthquakes. Assoc. Eng. Geol. Bull. Int., v.44, pp.5–16.
BERRA, F. and FELLETTI, F. (2011) Syndepositional tectonics recorded by soft-sediment deformation and liquefaction structures (continental Lower Permian sediments, Southern Alps, Northern Italy): Stratigraphic significance. Sediment. Geol., v.235, pp.249–263.
BHATTACHARYA, H.N. and BANDYOPADHAYAY, S. (1998) Seismites in a Proterozoic tidal succession, Singhbhum, Bihar, India. Sediment. Geol., v.119, pp.239–252.
BISWAS, S.K. (1977) Mesozoic Rock-Stratigraphy of Kutch, Gujarat. Quart. Jour. Geol. Min and Metall. Soc. India, v.49, pp.1–32.
BISWAS, S.K. (1987) Regional tectonic framework, structure and evolution of Western margin basins of India. Tectonophysics, v.135, pp.307–327.
BISWAS, S.K. (1991) Stratigraphy and sedimentary evolution of the Mesozoic basin of Kutch, Western India. In: S. K. Tandon, C.C Pant. and S.M. Casshyap (Eds.), Sedimentary basins of India, Tectonic context, Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital, pp.74–103.
BISWAS, S.K. (2005) A review of structure and tectonics of Kutch basin, western India, with special reference to earthquakes. Curr. Sci., v.88, pp.1592–1600.
BOSE, P.K., MAZUMDAR, R., and SARKAR, S. (1997) Tidal sandwaves and related storm deposits in the transgressive protoprpterozoic Chaibasa Formation, India. Precambrian Res., v.84, pp.63–81.
BRENCHLEY, P.J. and NEWALL, G. (1977) The significance of contorted bedding in upper Ordovician sediments of the Oslo region, Norway. Jour. Sediment. Petrol., v.44, pp.819–833.
CHAKRABORTY, A. (1977) Upward flow and convolute lamination. Senckenbergiana Marit, v.9, pp.285–305.
COLLINSON, J. (1994) Sedimentary deformational structures. In: A.J. Maltman, (Ed.), The Geological Deformation of Sediments. Chapman & Hall, London, pp.95–125.
COJAN, I. and THIRY, M. (1992) Seismically induced deformation structures in Oligocene shallow-marine and aeolian coastal sands (Paris Basin). Tectonophysics, v.206, pp.79–89.
DAVIS, G. H. (1984) Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 646p.
DE, A. (1964) Iron titanium oxides and silicate minerals of the alkali olivine basalts tholeiitic and acidic rocks of the Deccan trap series and their significance. Rep. 22nd Session Int. Geol. Cong., New Delhi, Part III, pp.126–138.
DECHEN, S. and AIPING, S. (2012) Typical earthquake-induced softsediment deformation structures in the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation, Yongding River Valley, Beijing, China and interpreted earthquake frequency. Jour. Paleogeog., v.1, pp.71–89.
DEMOULIN, A. (1996) Clastic dykes in East Belgium–evidence for Upper Pleistocene strong earthquakes west of the lower Rhine Rift segment. Jour. Geol., v.153, pp.803–810.
DURAISWAMI, R.A. (2008) Petrography and geochemistry of ultramafic xenoliths in the alkaline rocks from Kutch, Gujarat and their bearing on the mantle beneath Kutch. Unpubld. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pune, 315p.
EICHHUBL, P., HOOKER, J. and LAUBACH, S.E. (2010) Pure and shearenhanced compaction bands in Aztec Sandstone. Jour. Struct. Geol., v.32, pp.1873–1886.
ELLIOT, C.G. and WILLIAMS, P.F. (1988) Sediment slump structures: a review of diagnostic criteria and application to an example from Newfoundland. Jour. Struct. Geol., v.10, pp.171–182.
FIELD, M.E., GARDNER, J.V., JENNINGS, A.E. and EDWARDS, B.D. (1982) Earthquake-induced sediment failures on a 0.25 slope, Klamath river delta, California. Geology, v.10, pp.542–546.
FORTUIN, A.R. and DABRIO, C.J. (2008) Evidence for Late Messinian seismites, Nijar Basin, south-east Spain. Sedimentology, v.55, pp.1595–1622.
FOSSEN, H. (2010) Deformation bands formed during soft sediment deformation: Observations from SE Utah. Marine and Petroleum Geology, v.27, pp.215–222.
GREB, S.F., ETTENSOHN, F.R. and OBERMEIR, S.F. (2002) Developing a classification scheme for seismites. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Prog., v.34, A-102.
HEMPTON, M.R. and DEWEY, J.F. (1983) Earthquake induced deformational structures in young lacustrine sediments, East Anatolian Fault, southeast Turkey. Tectonophysics, v.98, pp.7–14.
HURST, A., SCOTT, A. and VIGORITO, M. (2011) Physical characteristics of sand injectites. Earth Sci. Reviews, v.106, pp.215–246.
KARMALKAR, N.R., KALE, M.G., DURAISWAMI, R.A. and JONALGADDA, M. (2008) Magma underplating and storage in the crustbuilding process beneath Kutch region, NW India. Curr. Sci., v.94, pp.1582–1588.
KARMALKAR, N.R., DURAISWAMI, R.A., GRIFFIN, W.L. and O’REILLY, S.Y. (1999) Enigmatic orthopyroxene-rutile-spinel intergrowth in the mantle xenoliths from Kutch, India. Curr. Sci., v.76, pp.687–692.
KLEIN, G. de V. (1977) Clastic tidal facies. Champaign III: CEPCO, 149 p.
KOC TASGIN C., ORHAN H., TÜRKMEN I. and AKSOY E. (2011) Softsediment deformation structures in the late Miocene Selmo Formation around Ad1yaman area, Southeastern Turkey. Sediment. Geol., v.235, pp.277–291.
KSHIRSAGAR, P.V., SHETH, H.C. AND SHAIKH, B. (2011) Mafic alkalic magmatism in central Kachchh, India: a monogenetic volcanic field in the northwestern Deccan Traps. Bull. Volcano., v.73, pp.595–612.
KUNDU, A., GOSWAMI, B., ERIKSSON, P.G. and CHAKRABORTY, A. (2011) Palaeoseismicity in relation to basin tectonics as revealed from soft-sediment deformation structures of the Lower Triassic Panchet formation, Raniganj basin (Damodar valley), eastern India. Jour. Earth System Sci., v.120, pp.167–181.
LEVI, T., WEINBERGER, R., AIFA, T., EYAL, Y. and MARCO, S. (2006) Earthquake induced clastic dykes detected by anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. Geology, v.34, pp.69–72.
LEVI, T., WEINBERGER, R., EYAL, Y., LYAKHOVSKY, V. and HEIFETZ, E. (2008) Velocities and driving pressures of clay-rich sediments injected into clastic dykes during earthquakes. Geophys. Jour. Internat., v.175, pp.1095–1107.
LEE, H.I., PAIK, I.S., KANG, H.C. and CHUN, J.W. (2014) Occurrence and origins of soft sediment deformation structures in the late Pleistocene marine terrace deposits of the southeastern coast of Korea. Geosciences Jour., DOI 10.1007/s12303-013-0070-7.
LOWE D.R. (1975) Water escape structures in coarse-grained sediments. Sedimentology, v.22 pp.157–204.
MALGORAZATA, P.J. and PIOTR, W. (2013) Soft sediment deformation structures in a Pleistocene glaciolacustrine delta and their implications for the recognition of subenvironments in delta deposits. Sedimentology, v.60, pp.637–665.
MALTMAN A. (1984) On the term soft-sediment deformation. Jour. Struct. Geol., v.6, pp.589–592.
MALTMAN A. (1994a) The Geological Deformation of Sediments. Chapman & Hall, London, 362p.
MALTMAN, A. (1994b) Introduction and overview. In: A. Maltman, (Ed.), The Geological Deformation of Sediments. Chapman & Hall, London, pp.1–35.
MANDAL, P, RASTOGI, B.K., SATYANARAYA, H. V. S., KOUSALYA, M., VIJAYRAGHAVAN R., SATYAMURTY, C., RAJU, I.P. SARMA, A.N.S., KUMAR, N. (2004) Characterization of the fault system for Bhuj earthquake of Mw 7.7. Tectonophysics, v.378, pp.105–121.
MAZUMDER, R., VAN LOON, A. J. and ARIMA, M. (2006) Soft sediment deformation structures in Earth’s oldest seismites. Sediment. Geol., v.186, pp.19–29.
MARCO, S. and AGNON, A. (1995) Prehistoric earthquake deformations near Masada, Dead Sea Graben. Geology, v.23, pp.695–698.
MARTÍN-CHIVELET, J., PALMA, R.M., LÓPEZ-GÓMEZ, J. and KIETZMANN, D.A. (2011) Earthquake-induced soft-sediment deformation structures in Upper Jurassic open-marine microbialites (Neuquén Basin, Argentina). Sediment. Geol., v.235, pp.210–221.
MAZUMDER, R., RODRIGUEZ-LOPEZ, J.P., ARIMA, M. and VAN LOON, A.J. (2009) Palaeoproterozoic seismites (fine-grained facies of the Chaibasa Fm., E India) and their soft-sediment deformation structures. In: S. Reddy, R. Mazumder, D. Evans and A. Collins (Eds), Palaeoproterozoic supercontinents and global evolution, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., v.323, pp.301–318.
McCALPIN, J.P. (1996) Paleoseismology. Academic Press, San Diego, 588p.
McLAUGHLIN, P.I. and BRETT, C.E (2004) Eustatic and tectonic control on the distribution of marine seismites: examples from the Upper Ordovician of Kentucky, USA. Sediment. Geol., v.168, pp.165–192.
MIDDLETON, G.V. and HAMPTON, M.A. (1973) Sediment gravity flows: Mechanics of flow and deposition. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa Oklahoma, Short Course Notes, p.38.
MILLS, P.C. (1983) Genesis and diagnostic value of soft-sediment deformation structures–A review. Sediment. Geol., v.35, pp.83–104.
MOLLEMA, P.N. and ANTONELLNI, M.A. (1996) Compaction bands: a structural analog for anti-mode I cracks in Aeolian sandstone. Tectonophysics, v.267, pp.209–228.
MONECKE, K., ANSELMETTI, F.S., BECKER, A., STURM, M. and GIARDINI, D. (2004) The record of historic earthquakes in lake sediments of Central Switzerland. Tectonophysics, v.394, pp.21–40.
MONTENAT, C., BARRIER, P. OTT D’ESTEVOU, P. and HIBSCH, C. (2007) Seismites: An attempt at critical analysis and classification. Sediment. Geol., v.196, pp.5–30.
MORETTI, M. and SABATO, L. (2007) Recognition of trigger mechanisms for soft-sediment deformation in the Pleistocene lacustrine deposits of the Sant ′Arcangelo Basin (Southern Italy): seismic shock vs. overloading. Sediment. Geol., v.196, pp.31–45.
MIYATA, T. (1990) Slump strain indicative of paleoslope in Cretaceous Izumi sedimentary basin along Median tectonic line, southwest Japan. Geology, v.18, pp.392–394.
NICHOLS, G. (2009) Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 419p.
OBERMEIER, S.F., MARTIN, J.R., FRANKET, A.D., YOUD, T.L., MUNSON, P.J., MUNSON, C.A. and POND, E.C. (1993) Liquefaction evidence for or strong Holocene earthquakes in the Wabash Valley of Southern Indiana and Illinois, with a preliminary estimate of magnitude. U.S. Geol. Surv.Prof. Paper-1536, 27 p.
OBERMIER, S.F. (1996) Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic analysis-an overview of how seismic liquefaction features can be distinguished from other features and how their regional distribution and properties of source sediment can be used to infer the location and strength of Holocene paleoearthquakes. Engg. Geol., v.44, pp.1–76.
OWEN, G. (1987) Deformation processes in unconsolidated sands. In: M.E. Jones, R.M.F. Preston (Eds.), Deformation of sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., v.29, pp.11–24.
OWEN, G. (1995) Soft sediment deformation in Upper Proterozoic Torridonian Sandstones (Applecross Formation) at Torridon, Northwest Scotland; Jour. Sedim. Res., v.A65, pp.495–504.
OWEN, G. (1996) Experimental soft-sediment deformation: Structures formed by liquefaction of unconsolidated sands and some ancient examples. Sedimentology, v.43, pp.279–293.
OWEN, G., MORETTI, M. and ALFARO, P. (2011) Recognising triggers for soft sediment deformation: Current understanding and future directions. Sediment. Geol., v.235, pp.133–140.
PATIDAR, A.K., MAURYA, D.M., THAKKAR, M.G., CHAMYAL, L.S. (2007) Fluvial geomorphology and neotectonic activity based on field and GPR data, Katrol hill range, Kachchh, western India. Quat. Int., v.159, pp.74–92.
PATIL PILLAI, S. and KALE, V.S. (2011) Seismites in the Lokapur Subgroup of the Proterozoic Kaladgi Basin, South India: A testimony to syn-sedimentary tectonism. Sediment. Geol., v.240, pp.1–13.
PARANJAPE, A.R., KALE, A.S. and KULKARNI, K.G.(2014) Significance of clastic injectities in the syn-rift Terani Clay Member, Sivaganga Formation, Cauvery basin, Tamil nadu, India. Curr. Sci., v.106, pp.1641–1643.
PATWARDHAN, K.R. and SOMAN, A.C. (2004) An unusual Specimen form of Ichnogenus Ancorichnus from the Rudramata Member of Jhuran Formation (Upper Jurassic), Kutch. Gond. Geol. Magz., v.19, pp.77–83.
PERUCCA, L. P., GODOY, E. and PANTANO, A. (2014) Late Pleistocene-Holocene earthquake-induced slumps and soft-sediment deformation structures in the Acequion River valley, Central Precordillera, Argentina. Geologos, v.20, pp.147–156.
RAJENDRAN, K., RAJENDRAN, C.P., THAKKAR, M., and TUTTLE, M. (2001) The 2001 Kutch (Bhuj) earthquake: Coseismic surface features and their significance. Curr. Sci., v.80, pp.1397–1405.
READING, H.G. (1981) Sedimentary Environments and Facies. Blackwell, Scientific Publications, Oxford, London, 569p.
REINECK, H.E. and SINGH, I.B. (1980) Depositional sedimentary environments. Berlin-Heideberg-NewYork: Springer-Verlag, 439p.
RINGROSE, P.S. (1989) Paleoseismicity (?) liquefaction event in late Quaternary sediment at Glenroy, Scotland. Terra Nova, v.1, pp.57–62.
RICCI LUCCHI, F. (1995) Sedimentographica. A photographic atlas of sedimentary structures. 2nd edn., Columbia University Press, New York, 255p.
RODRIGUEZ-PASCUA, M. A., CALVO, J.P., De VICENTE, G. and GOMEZGRAS, D. (2000) Soft sediment deformation structures interpreted as seismites in lacustrine sediments of the Prebetic Zone, SE Spain and their potential use as indicators of earthquake magnitude during the Late Miocene. Sediment. Geol., v.135, pp.117–135.
ROSSETTI, D.F. and GOES, A.M. (2000) Deciphering the sedimentological imprint of paleoseismic events: An example from the Aptian Cod´o Formation, northern Brazil. Sediment. Geol., v.135, pp.137–156.
ROSSETTI, D.F. (1999) Soft sediment deformation structures in late Albian to Cenomanian deposits, Sao Luis Basin, northern Brazil: Evidence for palaeoseismicity. Sedimentology, v.46, pp.1065–1081.
ROWE, C. (2013) Shaking Loose: Sand volcanoes and Jurassic earthquakes. Geology, v.41, pp.1135–1136.
SAMAILA, N.K., ARBUBAKA, M.B., DIKE, E.F.C. and OBAJE, N.G. (2006) Description of soft sediment deformation structures in the Cretaceous Bima Sandstone from the Yola Arm, Upper BenueTrough, Northeastern Nigeria. Jour.Afr. Earth Sci., v.44, pp.66–74.
SASTRY, R.S., NAGARAJAN, N. and SARMA, S.V.S. (2008) Electrical imaging of deep crustal features of Kutch, India. Geophys. Jour. Internat., v.172, pp.934–944.
SHANKAR, R. (2001) Seismotectonics of Kutch rift basin and its bearing on the Himalayan Seismicity. ISET Jour. Earthquake Tech., v.38, pp.59–65.
SCHNEIDERHAN, E.A. (2008) Neoarchaean clastic rocks on the Kaapvaal Craton provenance analyses and geotectonic implications, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Johannesburg, http://hdLhrtndle,net/10210/853.
SCHNELLMANN, M., ANSELMETTI, F.S., GIARDINI, D., McKENZIE, J. A. and WARD, S. N. (2002) Prehistoric earthquake history revealed by lacustrine slump deposits. Geology, v.30, pp.1131–1134.
SETH, A., SARKAR, S. and BOSE, P.K. (1990) Syn-sedimentary seismic activity in an immature passive margin basin (Lower Member of the Katrol Formation, Upper Jurassic, Kutch, India). Sediment. Geol., v.68, pp.279–291.
SEILACHER, A. (1969) Fault-graded beds interpreted as seismites. Sedimentology, v.13, pp.155–159.
SEILACHER, A. (1984) Sedimentary structures tentatively attributed to seismic events. Mar. Geol., v.55, pp.1–12.
SIMS, J.D. (1973) Earthquake induced structures in sediments of Van Norman lake, San Fernando, California. Science, v.182, pp.161–163.
SIMS, J.D. (1975) Determining earthquake recurrence interval from deformational structures in young lacustrine sediments. Tectonophysics, v.29, pp.144–152.
SINGH, ADAL, BHARADWAJ, B.D. and PRASAD, S. (1993) Discovery of post depositional, metadepositional and syndepositional convolute laminations in a recent point bar deposit of river Yamuna. Curr. Sci., v.65, pp.775–776.
SHIKI, T., KUMON, F., INOUCHI, Y., KONTANI, Y., SAKAMOTO, T., TATEISHI, M., MATSUBARA, H. and FUKUYAMA, K. (2000) Sedimentary features of the seismo-turbidites, Lake Biwa, Japan. Sediment. Geol., v.135, pp.37–50.
SIEGENTHALER C., FINGER W., KELTS K. and WANG S. (1987) Earthquake and seiche deposits in Lake Lucerne, Switzerland. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetica, v.80, pp.241–260.
SINGH, S. and JAIN, A.K. (2007) Liquefaction and fluidization of lacustrine deposits from Lahaul-Spiti and Ladakh Himalaya: Geological evidences of paleoseismicity along active fault zone. Sediment. Geol., v.196, pp.47–57.
SOMAN, G.R. and KALE, M.G. (1993) Sedimentological studies of Talchirs from Ghonad area, Pranhita-Godavari basin. Gond. Geol. Mag., Spl. Vol. Birbal Sahani Cente. Symp. Gondwana India, pp.100–121.
SUKHIJA, B.S., RAO, M.N., REDDY, D.V., NAGABHUSHANAM P., HUSSAIN, S., CHADHA, R.K. and GUPTA, H.K. (1999) Timing and return period of major palaeoseismic events in the Shillong Plateau, India. Tectonophysics, v.308, pp.53–65.
TASGIN, C.K. and TURKMEN, I. (2009) Analysis of soft-sediment deformation structures in Neogene fluvio-lacustrine deposits of Caybagi Formation, Eastern Turkey. Sediment. Geol., v.218, pp.16–30.
TOPAL, S. and OZKUL, M. (2014) Soft-sediment deformation structures interpreted as Seismites in the Kolankaya Formation, Denizli basin (SW Turkey). The Sci. World Jour., v.2014, pp.1–13.
TUCKER, M. E. (2011) Sedimentary rocks in Field: A Practical guide. John Wiley and Sons, UK, 288p.
UPADHYAY, R. (2001) Seismically-induced soft-sediment deformational structures around Khalsar in the Shyok Valley, northern Ladakh and eastern Karakoram, India. Curr. Sci., v.81, pp.600–604.
VANNESTE, K., MEGHRAOUI, M. and CAMELBEECK, T. (1999) Late Quaternary earthquake-related soft-sediment deformation along the Belgian portion of the feldbiss Fault, Lower Rhine Graben System. Tectonophysics, v.3089, pp.57–79.
VAN LOON, A.J. (2009) Soft-sediment deformation structures in siliciclastic sediments: An overview. Geologos, v.15, pp.3–55.
VITTORI, E., LABENI S.S. and SERVA, A. (1991) Paleoseismology: review of the state-of-the-art. Tectonophysics, v.193, pp.9–32.
WHEELER, R.L. (2002) Distinguishing seismic from nonseismic soft-sediment structures: Criteria from Seismic-hazard analysis. In: F. R Ettensohn, N. Rast and C.E. Brett (Eds.), Ancient Seismites, GSA Special Paper, v.359, pp.1–11
WOODCOCK, N.H. (1976a) Ludlow Series slumps and turbidites and the form of the Montgomery Trough, Powys, Wales. Proc. of the Geologists Association, v.87, pp.169–182.
WOODCOCK, N. H. (1976b) Structural style in slump sheets: Ludlow Series, Powys, Wales. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, v.132, pp.399–415.
WOODCOCK, N. H. (1979) The use of slump structures as paleoslope orientation estimators. Sedimentology, v.26, pp.83–99.
YONG, L., ZHUFU, S., CUI, M., YUPING, Y. and SHENGXIN, L. (2013) The seismic induced Soft sediment deformation structures in Middle Jurassic of Western Qaidamu Basin. Acta Geologica Sinica, v.87, pp.979–988 (English edition).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kale, M.G., Pundalik, A.S., Duraiswami, R.A. et al. Soft sediment deformation structures from Khari River section of Rudramata member, Jhuran Formation, Kutch: A testimony of Jurassic seismites. J Geol Soc India 87, 194–204 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-016-0387-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-016-0387-8