Abstract
The engine starting process presents high particulate emissions in exhaust. This study gives a systematic investigation on particulate emission characteristics, including particulate matter (PM) mass, soluble organic fraction (SOF) mass, C10-C26 n-Alkanes and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), that have been emitted from a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine measured by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry during starting period. The results show that particulate emissions under the warm coolant start condition decline dramatically compared with the cold start condition. 90 % of particulate number (PN) emitted during the cold and warm start periods generally are nucleation-mode particles. Over 50 % PM mass and PAHs emissions are emitted in the first 0–13 s stage. SOF mass accounts more than 60 % in PM mass emissions, especially under the warm coolant start condition. Some C23–C26 n-Alkanes are detected under the cold start condition which demonstrates that partial particulate composition directly comes from lubricant. The concentration of the two ring PAHs is the lowest among PAHs while the four to six ring PAHs are higher under the cold start operation. The toxicity of PAHs which is evaluated by Benzo(a)pyrene equivalent toxicity (BEQ) value of the total PAHs emissions shows a decline of 66.83 % under the warm start condition.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Aakko, P. and Nylund, N. O. (2003). Particle emissions at moderate and cold temperatures using different fuels. SAE Paper No. 2003-01-3285.
Aceves, M. and Grimalt, J. O. (1993). Seasonally dependent size distributions of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban aerosols from densely populated areas. Environmental Science and Technology 27, 13, 2896–2908.
An, Y. Z., Li, X., Teng, S. P., Wang, K., Pei, Y. Q., Qin, J. and Zhao, H. (2016). Development of a soot particle model with PAHs as precursors through simulations and experiments. Fuel, 179, 246–257.
Ayala, A. and Herner, J. D. (2005). Transient ultrafine particle emission measurements with a new fast particle aerosol sizer for a trap equipped diesel truck. SAE Paper No. 2005-01-3800.
Bandel, W., Fraidl, G. K., Kapus, P. E., Sikinger, H. and Cowland, C. N. (2006). The turbocharged GDI engine: Boosted synergies for high fuel economy plus ultra-low emission. SAE Paper No. 2006-01-1266.
Braisher, M., Stone, R. and Price, P. (2010). Particle number emissions from a range of european vehicles. SAE Paper No. 2010-01-0786.
Carter, R. N., Menacherry, P., Pfefferle, W. C., Muench, G. and Roychoudhury, S. (1998). Laboratory evaluation of ultra-short metal monolith catalyst. SAE Paper No. 980672.
Chan, T. W., Meloche, E., Kubsh, J., Brezny, R., Rosenblatt, D. and Rideout, G. (2013). Impact of ambient temperature on gaseous and particle emissions from a direct injection gasoline vehicle and its implications on particle filtration. SAE Int. J. Fuels and Lubricants, 62, 350–371.
Dockery, D. W. and Pope, C. A. (1994). Acute respiratory effects of particulate air pollution. Annual Review of Public Health, 15, 107–132.
Eastwood, P. (2008). Fundamentals: Particulate Emissions from Vehicles. John Wiley & Sons. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.
Egebäck, K.-E., Henke, M., Rehnlund, B., Wallin, M. and Westerholm, R. (2005). Blending of Ethanol in Gasoline for Spark Ignition Engines-problem Inventory and Evaporative Measurements. AVL MTC Motortestcenter AB.
Gauderman, W. J., Urman, R., Avol, E., Berhane, K., McConnell, R., Rappaport, E., Chang, R., Lurmann, F. and Gilliland, F. (2015). Association of improved air quality with lung development in children. New England J. Medicine, 372, 905–913.
Ghadikolaei, M. A. (2016). Effect of alcohol blend and fumigation on regulated and unregulated emissions of IC engines - A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 57, 1440–1495.
Gupta, T., Kothari, A., Srivastava, D. K. and Agarwal, A. K. (2010). Measurement of number and size distribution of particles emitted from a mid-sized transportation multipoint port fuel injection gasoline engine. Fuel, 899, 2230–2233.
IARC (1989). Occupational exposures in petroleum refining; crude oil and major petroleum fuels. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Lyon, France.
Kazakov, A., Wang, H. and Frenklach, M. (1995). Detailed modeling of soot formation in laminar premixed ethylene flames at a pressure of 10 bar. Combustion and Flame, 1001-2, 111–120.
Khalek, I. A., Bougher, T. and Jetter, J. J. (2010). Particle emissions from a 2009 gasoline direct injection engine using different commercially available fuels. SAE Int. J. Fuels and Lubricants, 32, 623–637.
Kittelson, D. B. (1998). Engines and nanoparticles: A review. J. Aerosol Science, 295-6, 575–588.
Kokko, J., Rantanen, L., Pentikäinen, J., Honkanen, T., Aakko, P. and Lappi, M. (2000). Reduced particulate emissions with reformulated gasoline. SAE Paper No. 2000-01-2017.
Lechner, G., Knafl, A., Assanis, D. N., Tseregounis, S. I., McMillan, M. L., Tung, S. C., Mulawa, P. A., Bardasz, E. and Cowling, S. (2002). Engine oil effects on the friction and emissions of a light-duty, 2.2 L direct - injection - diesel engine part 1 - engine test results. SAE Paper No. 2002-01-2681.
Lee, J. J., Huang, K. L., Yu, Y. C. Y. and Chen, M. S. S. (2004). Laboratory retention of vapor-phase PAHs using XAD adsorbents. Atmospheric Environment, 3836, 6185–6193.
Lei, L., Suidan, M. T., Khodadoust, A. P. and Tabak, H. H. (2004). Assessing the bioavailability of PAHs in fieldcontaminated sediment using XAD-2 assisted desorption. Environmental Science & Technology, 386, 1786–1793.
Maricq, M. M., Podsiadlik, D. H., Brehob, D. D. and Haghgooie, M. (1999). Particulate emissions from a direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) engine. SAE Paper No. 1999-01-1530.
Mariraj Mohan, S. (2016). An overview of particulate dry deposition: Measuring methods, deposition velocity and controlling factors. Int. J. Environmental Science and Technology, 131, 387–402.
Myung, C. L., Ko, A. and Park, S. (2014). Review on characterization of nano-particle emissions and PM morphology from internal combustion engines: Part 1. Int. J. Automotive Technology, 152, 203–218.
Nisbet, I. C. T. and LaGoy, P. K. (1992). Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 163, 290–300.
Ntziachristos, L., Mamakos, A., Samaras, Z., Mathis, U., Mohr, M., Thompson, N., Stradling, R., Forti, L. and de Serves, C. (2004). Overview of the european “particulates” project on the characterization of exhaust particulate emissions from road vehicles: Results for light-duty vehicles. SAE Paper No. 2004-01-1985.
Peckham, M. S., Finch, A., Campbell, B., Price, P. and Davies, M. T. (2011). Study of particle number emissions from a turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engine including data from a fast-response particle size spectrometer. SAE Paper No. 2011-01-1224.
Petitjean, D., Bernardini, L., Middlemass, C. and Shahed, S. M. (2004). Advanced gasoline engine turbocharging technology for fuel economy improvements. SAE Paper No. 2004-01-0988.
Quiros, D. C., Zhang, S., Sardar, S., Kamboures, M. A., Eiges, D., Zhang, M., Jung, H. S., Mccarthy, M. J., Chang, M. C. O., Ayala, A., Zhu, Y. F., Huai, T. and Hu, S. H. (2015). Measuring particulate emissions of light duty passenger vehicles using Integrated Particle Size Distribution (IPSD). Environmental Science & Technology, 499, 5618–5627.
Riddle, S. G., Robert, M. A., Jakober, C. A., Hannigan, M. P. and Kleeman, M. J. (2007). Size distribution of trace organic species emitted from light-duty gasoline vehicles. Environmental Science & Technology, 4121, 7464–7471.
Schauer, J. J., Kleeman, M. J., Cass, G. R. and Simoneit, B. R. T. (2002). Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 5. C1-C32 organic compounds from gasoline-powered motor vehicles. Environmental Science & Technology, 366, 1169–1180.
Sobotowski, R. A., Butler, A. D. and Guerra, Z. (2015). A pilot study of fuel impacts on PM emissions from lightduty gasoline vehicles. SAE Int. J. Fuels and Lubricants, 81, 214–233.
Tang, M. J., Li, Q. F., Xiao, L. F., Li, Y. P., Jensen, J. L., Liou, T. G. and Zhou, A. H. (2012). Toxicity effects of short term diesel exhaust particles exposure to human Small Airway Epithelial Cells (SAECs) and human lung carcinoma epithelial cells (A549). Toxicology Letters, 2153, 181–192.
The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union (2009). Regulation (EC) No. 595/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of June 18, 2009 on Type-approval of Motor Vehicles and Engines with Respect to Emissions from Heavy Duty Vehicles (Euro VI) and on Access to Vehicle Repair and Maintenance Information and Amending Regulation (EC) No. 715/2007 and Directive 2007/46/EC and Repealing Directives 80/1269/EEC, 2005/55/EC and 2005/78/EC. Regulation (EC), No 595/2009.
Tsai, P. J., Shih, T. S., Chen, H. L., Lee, W. J., Lai, C. H. and Liou, S. H. (2004). Assessing and predicting the exposures of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their carcinogenic potencies from vehicle engine exhausts to highway toll station workers. Atmospheric Environment, 382, 333–343.
Whelan, I., Samuel, S., Timoney, D. and Hassaneen, A. (2010). Characteristics of nano-scale particulates from gasoline turbo-intercooled direct-injection engine. SAE Int. J. Fuels and Lubricants, 32, 839–848.
Whelan, I., Smith, W., Timoney, D. and Samuel, S. (2012). The effect of engine operating conditions on engine-out particulate matter from a gasoline direct-injection engine during cold-start. SAE Paper No. 2012-01-1711.
Zhang, S. and McMahon, W. (2012). Particulate emissions for LEV II light-duty gasoline direct injection vehicles. SAE Int. J. Fuels and Lubricants 5, 2, 637–646.
Zimmerman, N., Wang, J. M., Jeong, C. H., Wallace, J. S. and Evans, G. J. (2016). Assessing the climate trade-offs of gasoline direct injection engines. Environmental Science & Technology, 5015, 8385–8392.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Su, Y., Xie, F., Hong, W. et al. Experimental Study of Particulate Emission Characteristics from A Gasoline Direct Injection Engine During Starting Process. Int.J Automot. Technol. 20, 411–421 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-019-0040-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-019-0040-9