Abstract
Cellulose was isolated from wheat straw by the combined pretreatment including dilute acid hydrolysis, ethanol extraction, and alkaline H2O2 delignification. The effects of varying the parameters on carboxymethylation on isolated cellulose were investigated. Furthermore, the chemical structure of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) prepared from wheat straw was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope analysis. The isolated cellulose is mainly composed of cellulose without hemicellulose and with minors of lignin and ash. The optimal conditions for carboxymethylation were base concentration, 20%; reaction temperature, 70°C; reaction time, 2 h; mass ratio of etherifying agent to cellulose, 1.75. Under the optimized conditions, CMC with high degree of substitution (0.88) and low viscosity (18 mPa·s) was synthesized. Chemical structural characterization showed the feasibility of the preparation of CMC from wheat straw. The constituents of wheat straw would be maximally utilized by the proposed method.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
X. Li, S. Wang, L. Duan, J. Hao, C. Li, Y. Chen, and L. Yang, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 6052 (2007).
H. Chen and L. Liu, Bioresour. Technol., 98, 666 (2007).
J. Wildschut, A. T. Smit, J. H. Reith, and W. J. J. Huijgen, Bioresour. Technol., 135, 58 (2013).
M.-F. Li, S. Yang, and R.-C. Sun, Bioresour. Technol., 200, 971 (2016).
C. Li, B. Knierim, C. Manisseri, R. Arora, H. V. Scheller, M. Auer, K. P. Vogel, B. A. Simmons, and S. Singh, Bioresour. Technol., 101, 4900 (2010).
M. Patel, M. Ou, L. O. Ingram, and K. T. Shanmugam, Biotechnol. Lett., 26, 865 (2004).
K. K. Cheng, J. P. Ge, J. A. Zhang, H. Z. Ling, Y. J. Zhou, M. D. Yang, and J. M. Xu, Biotechnol. Lett., 29, 1051 (2007).
X. Pan, N. Gilkes, J. Kadla, K. Pye, S. Saka, D. Gregg, K. Ehara, D. Xie, D. Lam, and J. Saddler, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 94, 851 (2006).
S. M. L. Rosa, N. Rehman, M. I. G. de Miranda, S. M. B. Nachtigall, and C. I. D. Bica, Carbohydr. Polym., 87, 1131 (2012).
R. C. Sun and X. F. Sun, Carbohydr. Polym., 49, 415 (2002).
A. Alemdar and M. Sain, Bioresour. Technol., 99, 1664 (2008).
A. Kaushik and M. Singh, Carbohydr. Res., 346, 76 (2011).
X. F. Sun, R. C. Sun, P. Fowler, and M. S. Baird, Carbohydr. Polym., 55, 379 (2004).
V. Pushpamalar, S. J. Langford, M. Ahmad, and Y. Y. Lim, Carbohydr. Polym., 64, 312 (2006).
Y. S. Zhu, S. Y. Xiao, M. X. Li, Z. Chang, F. X. Wang, J. Gao, and Y. P. Wu, J. Power Sources, 288, 368 (2015).
H. Y. Zhou, P. P. Cao, J. B. Li, F. L. Zhang, and P. P. Ding, J. Appl. Polym. Sci, 132, 42152 (2015).
F. Khan and S. R. Ahmad, Macromol. Biosci., 13, 395 (2013).
A. Biswas, S. Kim, G. W. Selling, and H. N. Cheng, Ind. Crop. Prod., 60, 259 (2014).
M. I. H. Mondal, M. S. Yeasmin, and M. S. Rahman, Int. J. Biol. Macromol, 79, 144 (2015).
H. Togrul and N. Arslan, Carbohydr. Polym., 54, 73 (2003).
A. Sluiter, B. Hames, R. Ruiz, C. Scarlata, J. Sluiter, D. Templeton, and D. Crocker, “Determination of Structural Carbohydrates and Lignin in Biomass - Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP)”, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA, 2008.
R. W. Eyler, E. D. Klug, and F. Diephuis, Anal. Chem., 19, 24 (1947).
C. J. Huntley, K. D. Crews, and M. L. Curry, Int. J. Polym. Sci., 2015, Article ID 293981 (2015).
D. Camargo, L. Sene, D. I. L. S. Variz, and M. D. G. D. A. Felipe, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol, 175, 3628 (2015).
B. G. Fonseca, J. G. Puentes, S. Mateo, S. Sanchez, A. J. Moya, and I. C. Roberto, J. Agric. Food Chem., 61, 9658 (2013).
J. M. Rosas, R. Berenguer, M. J. Valero-Romero, J. Rodriguez-Mirasol, and T. Cordero, Front. Mater., DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2014.00029(2014).
X. J. He, S. Z. Wu, D. K. Fu, and J. R. Ni, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 84, 427 (2009).
X. F. Sun, F. Xu, R. C. Sun, P. Fowler, and M. S. Baird, Carbohydr. Res., 340, 97 (2005).
W. P. Flauzino Neto, H. A. Silvério, N. O. Dantas, and D. Pasquini, Ind. Crop. Prod., 42, 480 (2013).
H. Qi, T. Liebert, F. Meister, and T. Heinze, React. Funct. Polym., 69, 779 (2009).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, H., Zhang, H., Xiong, L. et al. Isolation of Cellulose from Wheat Straw and Its Utilization for the Preparation of Carboxymethyl Cellulose. Fibers Polym 20, 975–981 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-019-7717-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-019-7717-6