Abstract
High rainfall is observed in a tropical climatic country like Thailand that results in higher chances of natural calamities like flood. High plastic clay known as Bangkok clay is present in Thailand. The clay is famous for displaying variability in its geotechnical properties under dry and wet conditions. Therefore, such clay must be treated with some other materials for the stability of roads along with vehicles running through them. Bottom ash that is one of the waste materials produced from coal combustion has been used for this study along with lime. Tests like unconfined compressive strength test, durability test has been conducted by determining the strength under dry and wet condition. Two methods of soaking have been adopted when performing wetting-drying namely complete and capillary soaking. The results showed improvement in strength as well as durability after replacement with bottom ash and lime. The strength of the soil specimen after treatment with bottom ash and lime has improved 2 -fold with 50% amount of bottom ash and 12% lime. The same ratio of materials: 50% bottom ash and lime with the clay showed the optimum amount in terms of durability.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Change history
05 March 2020
This erratum is to notify a mismatch of DOIs between the items uploaded in Springer web page and the final manuscripts published in Volume 24, Issue 2 (Feb. 2020). Due to a technical error, incorrect DOIs were used in the Springer web page. The DOIs in the published issue are correct.
Abbreviations
- BA:
-
Bottom ash
- BC:
-
Bangkok clay
- Cc :
-
Coefficient of curvature
- Cu :
-
Coefficient of uniformity
- L:
-
Lime
- NP:
-
Not possible
- OMC:
-
Optimum moisture content
- SDI:
-
Strength development index
- SRI:
-
Strength reduction index
- UCS:
-
Unconfined compressive strength
References
Ahmed A, Issa UH (2014) Stability of soft clay soil stabilised with recycled gypsum in a wet environment. Soils and Foundations 54(3):405–416, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2014.04.009
Ahmed A, Ugai K (2011) Environmental effects on durability of soil stabilized with recycled gypsum. Cold Regions Science and Technology 66(2–3):84–92, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2010.12.004
Al-Mukhtar M, Khattab S, Alcover JF (2012) Microstructure and geotechnical properties of lime-treated expansive clayey soil. Engineering Geology 139(27):17–27, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.04.004
Bell FG (1996) Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils. Engineering Geology 42(4):223–237, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(96)00028-2
Cheshomi A, Eshaghi A, Hassanpour J (2017) Effect of lime and fly ash on swelling percentage and Atterberg limits of sulfate-bearing clay. Applied Clay Science 135:190–198, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2016.09.019
Colonna P, Berloco N, Ranieri V, Shuller S (2012) Application of bottom ash for pavement binder course. Proceeding of SIIV — 5th international congress — Sustainability of road infrastructures, October 29–31, Rome, Italy, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.945
Donrak J, Rachan R, Horpibulsuk S, Arulrajah A, Du YJ (2016) Improvement of marginal lateritic soil using Melamine Debris replacement for sustainable engineering fill materials. Journal of Cleaner Production 134:515–522, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.038
Forteza R, Far M, Segui C, Cerda V (2004) Characterization of bottom ash in municipal solid waste incinerators for its use in road base. Waste Manag 24(9):899–909, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2004.07.004
Garcia MdL, Coutinho JS (2013) Strength and durability of cement with forest waste bottom ash. Construction and Building Materials 41:897–910, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.081
Garzón E, Cano M, O’Kelly BC, Sánchez-Soto PJ (2016) Effect of lime on stabilization of phyllite clays Applied Clay Science 123:329–334, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2016.01.042
Georgees RN, Hassan RA, Evans RP (2017) A potential use of a hydrophilic polymeric material to enhance durability properties of pavement materials. Construction and Building Materials 148:686–695, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.086
Ghosh A and Subbarao C (2007) Strength characteristics of class F fly ash modified with lime and gypsum. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 133(7):757–766, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:7(757)
Gonzalez-Lopez JR, Juárez-Alvarado CA, Ayub-Francis B, Mendoza-Rangel JM (2018) Compaction effect on the compressive strength and durability of stabilized earth blocks. Construction and Building Materials 163:179–188, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.074
Güllü H (2015) Unconfined compressive strength and freeze-thaw resistance of fine-grained soil stabilised with bottom ash, lime and superplasticiser. Road Materials and Pavement Design 16(3):608–634, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2015.1021369
Haraguchi M, Lall U (2015) Flood risks and impacts: A case study of Thailand’s floodsin 2011 and research questions for supply chain decision making. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 14(3):256–272, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.09.005
Horpibulsuk S, Rachan R, Suddeepong A (2011) Assessment of strength development in blended cement admixed Bangkok clay. Construction and Building Materials 25(4):1521–1531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.08.006
Horpibulsuk S, Shibuya S, Fuenkajorn K, Katkan W (2007) Assessment of engineering properties of Bangkok clay. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 44(2):173–187, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/t06-101
Horpibulsuk S, Suddeepong A, Chinkulkijniwat A, Liu MD (2012) Strength and compressibility of lightweight cemented clays. Applied Clay Science 69:11–21, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2012.08.006
Huang WH (1990) The use of bottom ash in highway embankments, subgrades, and subbases. PhD Thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284314179
Jin L, Song W, Shu X, Huang B (2018) Use of water reducer to enhance the mechanical and durability properties of cement-treated soil. Construction and Building Materials 159:690–694, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.120
Kamei T, Ahmed A, Ugai K (2013) Durability of soft clay soil stabilized with recycled Bassanite and furnace cement mixtures. Soils and Foundations 53(1):155–165, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.12.011
Kampala A, Horpibulsuk S, Prongmanee N, Chinkulkijniwat A (2014) Influence of wet-dry cycles on compressive strength of calcium carbide residue-fly ash stabilized clay. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 26(4): 633–643, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000853
Kumar S, Stewart J (2010) Utilization of illinois PCC dry bottom ash for compacted landfill barriers. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal 12(3):401–415, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/713610980
Kumar S, Stewart J, Mishra S (2004) Strength characteristics of illinois coal combustion by-product: PCC dry bottom ash. International Journal of Environmental Studies 61(5):551–562, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0020723042000183701
Lopez EL, Vega-Zamanillo A, Perez MAC, Hernandez-Sanz A (2015) Bearing capacity of bottom ash and its mixture with soils. Soils and Foundations 55(3):529–535, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2015.04.005
Mohamedzein YEA, Al-Aghbari MY, Taha RA (2006) Stabilization of desert sands using municipal solid waste incinerator ash. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 24(6):1767–1780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-006-6806-7
Obuzor GN, Kinuthia JM, Robinson RB (2012) Soil stabilisation with lime-activated-GGBS — A mitigation to flooding effects on road structural layers/embankments constructed on floodplains. Engineering Geology 151:112–119, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.09.010
Phetchuay C, Horpibulsuk S, Suksiripattanapong C, Chinkulkijniwat A, Arulrajah A, Disfani MM (2014) Calcium carbide residue: Alkaline activator for clay-fly ash geopolymer. Construction and Building Materials 69:285–294, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.018
Phummiphan I, Horpibulsuk S, Phoo-ngernkham T, Arulrajah A, Shen S-L (2017) Marginal lateritic soil stabilized with calcium carbide residue and fly ash geopolymers as a sustainable pavement base material. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 29(2):14016195, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001708
Phummiphan I, Horpibulsuk S, Rachan R, Arulrajah A, Shen SL, Chindaprasirt P (2018) High calcium fly ash geopolymer stabilized lateritic soil and granulated blast furnace slag blends as a pavement base material. J Hazard Mater 341:257–267, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.07.067
Phummiphan I, Horpibulsuk S, Sukmak P, Chinkulkijniwat A, Arulrajah A, Shen S-L (2016) Stabilisation of marginal lateritic soil using high calcium fly ash-based geopolymer. Road Materials and Pavement Design 17(4):877–891, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2015.1132632
Rangaswamy K (2016) Influence of burnt ash additives on stabilisation of soft clay soils. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions 1:25, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-016-0025-8
Sathonsaowaphak A, Chindaprasirt P, Pimraksa K (2009) Workability and strength of lignite bottom ash geopolymer mortar. J Hazard Mater 168(1):44–50, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.120
Tanaka H, Locat J, Shibuya S, Soon TT, Shiwakoti DR (2001) Characterization of singapore, bangkok, and ariake clays. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 38(2):378–400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/t00-106
Teerawattanasuk C, Voottipruex P, Horpibulsuk S (2015) Mix design charts for lightweight cellular cemented Bangkok clay. Applied Clay Science 104:318–323, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.12.012
Vichan S, Rachan R, Horpibulsuk S (2013) Strength and microstructure development in Bangkok clay stabilized with calcium carbide residue and biomass ash. Scienceasia 39(2):186–193, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2013.39.186
Wild S, Kinuthia JM, Robinson RB, Humphreys I (2018) Effects of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) on the strength and swelling properties of lime-stabilized kaolinite in the presence of sulphates. Clay Minerals 31(3):423–433, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1996.031.3.12
Acknowledgements
The author would like express high gratitude to Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University for providing scholarship, budget and equipment to conduct research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
A correction to this article is available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-020-2402-2
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bhurtel, A., Eisazadeh, A. Strength and Durability of Bottom Ash and Lime Stabilized Bangkok Clay. KSCE J Civ Eng 24, 404–411 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-019-0850-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-019-0850-3