Abstract
This essay and review systematically charts the various influences from other areas of scientific research, including economy, psychology, and neurobiology, on the study of organized crime. Drawing on an analysis of American and international literature, metaphorical, and substantive references to other disciplines are highlighted on five levels of observation: the individual “organized criminal,” the activities these individuals are involved in, the associational patterns through which they are connected, the power structures that subordinate these individuals and collectives to common or particular interests, and the relations between these individuals, structures and activities on the one hand, and the legal spheres of society on the other. It is argued that a research program aiming at building up a cumulative body of knowledge is needed to overcome the shortcomings of the current eclectic use of concepts and theories from other disciplines.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Adler, P.A. (1995). Wheeling and Dealing: An Ethnography of an Upper-Level Drug Dealing and Smuggling Community (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press.
Albanese, J.S. (1988). “Government Perceptions of Organized Crime: The Presidential Commissions, 1967 and 1987',” Federal Probation 52(1): 8–63.
—. (1991). “Organized Crime: The Mafia Mystique,” in Joseph F. Sheley (ed.), Criminology: A Contemporary Handbook, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 201–217.
Albini, J.L. and Bajon, B.J. (1978). “Witches, Mafia, Mental Illness, and Social Reality: A Study in the Power of Mythical Belief,” Internationaljournal of Criminology and Penology 6(4): 285–294.
Allum, F., Siebert, R., Ingrasci, O., et al. (2003), Donne e mafie: il ruolo delie donne nelle organizzazioni criminali [Women and Mafia: The Role of Women in Criminal Organizations]. Palermo, Italy: Universitá degli Studi di Palermo, 2003.
Aragona, B.J., and Wang, Z. (2004). “The Prairie Vole (Microtus ochrogaster): An Animal Model for Behavioral Neuroendocrine Research on Pair Bonding,” ILAR Journal 45(1): 35–45.
Arlacchi, P. (1986). Mafia Business: The Mafia Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. London: Verso.
Banfield, E.C. and Wilson, J.Q. (1963). City Politics. New York: Vintage Books.
Barzini, L. (1964). The Italians. London: Hamish Hamilton.
Beare, M. (1996). Criminal Conspiracies: Organized Crime in Canada. Scarborough, Ontario: Nelson.
Bell, D. (1963). “The Myth of the Cosa Nostra,” The New Leader 46(26): 12–15.
Bellis, D.J. (1985). “Political Corruption in Small, Machine-Run Cities,” In H.E. Alexander and G.E. Caiden (Eds.), The Politics and Economics of Organized Crime (pp. 99–126). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Bernstein, L. (2002). The Greatest Menace: Organized Crime in Cold War America. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
Best, J. and Luckenbill, D.F. (1994). Organizing Deviance (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Black, C, Vander Beken, T., Frans, B., and Paternotte, M. (2001). Reporting on Organised Crime: A Shift from Description to Explanation in the Belgian Annual Report on Organised Crime. Antwerpes, Belgium: Maklu.
Block, A.A. (1983). East Side-West Side: Organizing Crime in New York 1930-1950. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
— and Chambliss, W.J. (1982). Organizing Crime. New York: Elsevier.
Block, A.A. and Griffin, S.P. (1997). “AgThe Teamsters, the White House, the Labor Department: A Commentary on the Politics of Organized Crime,åh Crime, Law and Social Change 27(1): 1–30.
Bouchard, M. and Tremblay, P. (forthcoming). ågRisks of Arrest across Drug Markets: A Capture-Recapture Analysis of ågHiddenåh Dealer and User Populations,åh forthcoming in Journal of Drug Issues, Winter 2006.
Bovenkerk, F. (1998). “Organized Crime and Ethnic Minorities: Is There a Link?,” Transnational Organized Crime 4(3&4): 109–126.
—(2000). “Wanted: Mafia Boss: Essay on the Personology of Organized Crime,” Crime Law and Social Change 33(3): 225–242.
Brogan, D.W. (1960). Politics in America. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
Bruinsma, G. and Bernasco, W. (2004). “Criminal Groups and Transnational Illegal Markets: A More Detailed Examination on the Basis of Social Network Theory,” Crime Law and Social Change 41(1): 79–94.
Buchanan, J.M. (1973). “AgA Defense of Organized Crime?,åh In S. Rottenberg (Ed.), The Economics of Crime and Punishment (pp. 119–132). Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.
Bullington, B. (1993). “All about Eve: The Many Faces of United States Drug Policy,” In F. Pearce and M. Woodiwiss (Eds.), Global Crime Connections: Dynamics and Control (pp. 32–71). Houndsmill, UK: Macmillan.
Burt, R.S. (1992). Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Calder, J.D. (1995). “AgMafia Women in Non-Fiction: What Primary and Secondary Sources Reveal,åh In J. Albanese (Ed.), Contemporary Issues in Organized Crime (pp. 111–140). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Chambliss, W.J. (1978). On the Take: From Petty Crooks to Presidents. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Chang, J.-J., Lu, H.-C, and Chen, M. (2005). “Organized Crime or Individual Crime? Endogenous Size of a Criminal Organization and the Optimal Law Enforcement,” Economic Inquiry, 43(3): 661–675.
Clapp, J. (1999). “The Illicit Trade in Hazardous Wastes and CFCs: International Responses to Environmental 'Bads',” In R. Friman and P. Andreas (Eds.), The Illicit Global Economy and State Power (pp. 91–123). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Cloward, R. A. and Ohlin, L.E. (1960). Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquent Gangs. New York: The Free Press.
Cohen, A.K. (1977). “The Concept of Criminal Organisation,” British Journal of Criminology 17(2): 97–111.
Cottino, A. (1999). “Sicilian Cultures of Violence: The Interconnections between Organized Crime and Local Society,” Crime, Law and Social Change 32(2): 103–113.
Cressey, D.R. (1969). Theft of the Nation: The Structure and Operations of Organized Crime in America. New York: Harper & Row.
Dawkins, R. (1989). The Selfish Gene (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Denton, B. and O'Malley, P. (1999). “Gender, Trust and Business: Women Drug Dealers in the Illicit Economy,” British Journal of Criminology 39(4): 513–530.
Desroches, F.J. (2005). The Crime That Pays: Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in Canada. Toronto, Ontario: Canadian Scholars' Press.
Dick, A.R. (1995). “AgWhen Does Organized Crime Pay? A Transaction Cost Analysis.åh International Review of Law and Economics 15(1): 25–45.
Edwards, A., and Gill, P. (2002). “The Politics of ‘Transnational Organized Crime’: Discourse, Reflexivity and the Narration of ‘Threat’,“ British Journal of Politics and International Relations 4(2): 245–270.
Finckenauer, J.O. and Waring, E.J. (1998). Russian Mafia in America: Immigration, Culture, and Crime. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Friman, H.R. (2004). “Forging the Vacancy Chain: Law Enforcement Efforts and Mobility in Criminal Economies,” Crime, Law and Social Change 41(1): 53–77.
Gambino, R. (1974). Blood of My Blood: The Dilemma of the Italian-Americans. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
Gardiner, J. A. (1970). The Politics of Corruption: Organized Crime in an American City. New York: Russell Sage.
Garoupa, Nuno (2000). ågThe Economics of Organized Crime and Optimal Law Enforcement,åh Economic Inquiry 38(2): 278–288.
Giannakopoulos, N. (2001). Criminalite organisee et corruption en Suisse [Organized Crime and Corruption in Switzerland]. Berne, Switzerland: Haupt.
Granovetter, M.S. (1973). ågThe Strength of Weak Ties,åh American Journal of Sociology 78(6), 1360–1380.
Graziosi, M. (2001). “Women, the Mafia and Legal Safeguards,” Forum on Crime and Society 1(2): 129–134.
Gruppo Abele. (2003). Synthetic Drugs Trafficking in Three European Cities: Major Trends and the Involvement of Organised Crime-Final Report. Turin, Italy: Gruppo Abele.
Hall, R.H. (1982). Organizations: Structure and Process (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Halstead, B. (1998). “The Use of Models in the Analysis of Organized Crime and Development of Policy,” Transnational Organized Crime 4(1): 1–24.
Halter, H. (1942). Der Polyp von New York: Die Geschichte Tammany Halls [The octopus of New York: The story of Tammany Hall]. Dresden: Franz Muller Verlag.
Helleiner, E. (1999). “State Power and the Regulation of Illicit Activity in Global Finance,” In H.R. Friman and P. Andreas (Eds.), The Illicit Global Economy and State Power (pp. 53–90). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Hellman, D.A. (1980). The Economics of Crime, New York: St. Martin's.
Hess, H. (1998). Mafia & Mafiosi: Origin, Power and Myth. London: C. Hurst,
Hessinger, P. (2002). “Mafia und Mafiakapitalismus als totales soziales Phanomen: Eine vergleichende Perspektive auf die Entwicklung in Italien und Russland [Mafia and Mafia Capitalism as a Total Social Phenomenon: A Comparative Perspective on the Development in Italy and Russia],” Leviathan Zeitschrift fir Sozialwissenschaft 30(4): 482–508.
Himsel, D. (2004). Leadership Sopranos Style. Chicago, IL: Dearborn.
Homer, F.D. (1974). Guns and Garlic: Myths and Realities of Organized crime. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press.
Honneth, A. (1994). Desintegration: Bruchstucke einer soziologischen Zeitdiagnose [Desintegration: Fragments of a cContemporary Sociological Diagnosis]. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Fischer Taschenbuch.
Huffman, K., Vernoy, M., and Vernoy, J. (1995). Psychology in Action (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Ianni, Francis A.J. (1974). Black Mafia: Ethnic Succession in Organized Crime. New York: Simon and Schuster.
—, Fisher, S., and Lewis, J. (1973). Ethnic Succession and Network Formation in Organized Crime: Final Report. New York: Columbia University.
Ichniowski, C. and Preston, A. (1989). “The Persistence of Organized Crime in New York City Construction: An Economic Perspective,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 42(4): 549–565.
Jacobs, J.B. (2006). Mobsters, Unions, and Feds: The Mafia and the American Labor Movement. New York: New York University Press.
—, Friel, C, and Radick, R. (1999). Gotham Unbound: How New York City Was Liberated from the Grip of Organized Crime. New York: New York University Press.
Johansen, P.O. (2005). “Organised Crime, Norwegian Style,” In P. van Duyne, K. von Lampe, M. van Dijck, and J. Newell (Eds.), The Organised Crime Economy: Managing Crime Markets in Europe (pp. 189–207). Nijmegen, Netherlands: Wolf Legal Publishers.
Kalish, Y, and Robins, G. (2006). “Psychological Predispositions and Network Structure: The Relationship between Individual Predispositions, Structural Holes, and Network Closure,” Social Networks 28(1): 56–84.
Karklins, R. (2002). “Typology of Post-Communist Corruption,” Problems of Post-Communism 49(4): 22–32.
Kelly, R.J. (1987). “The Nature of Organized Crime and Its Operations,” In H. Edelhertz (Ed.), Major Issues in Organized Crime Control-Symposium Proceedings Washington DC, September 25-26, 1986 (pp. 5 -49). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
Kenney, D., and Finckenauer, J.O. (1995). Organized Crime in America. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Keren, M. (2000). ågThe Mafia as a Principal Actor in Transition: An Outline of an Evolutionary Game,åh Economic Systems 24(4): 360–364.
Kimeldorf, H. (1992). Reds or Rackets? The Making of Radical and Conservative Unions on the Waterfront. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Kleemans, E.R., and van deBunt, H.G. (1999). ågThe Social Embeddedness of Organized Crime.åh Transnational Organized Crime 5(1): 19–36.
Koselleck, R. (1972). “Einleitung [Introduction],” In O. Brunner, W. Conze and R. Koselleck (Eds.), Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe (Vol. 1, A-D). Stuttgart, Germany: Klett-Cotta.
Koser, K. (2000). ågAsylum Policies, Trafficking, and Vulnerability,åh International Migration 38(3): 91–109.
Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P.J., Fischbacher, U., and Fehr, E. (2005). ågOxytocin Increases Trust in Humans,åh Nature 435(2): 673–676.
Lerner, M. (1957). America as a Civilization: Life and Thought in the United States Today. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Levi, M. (1998). ågOrganising Plastic Fraud: Enterprise Criminals and the Side-Stepping of Fraud Prevention,Ah The Howard Journal 37(4): 423–438.
Liddick, D. (1999). The Mob 's Daily Number: Organized Crime and the Numbers Gambling Industry. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
Luksetich, W.A. and White, M.D. (1982). Crime and Public Policy: An Economic Approach. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
Lupsha, P.A. (1983). ågNetworks versus Networking: Analysis of an Organized Crime Group,åh In G.P. Waldo (Ed.), Career Criminals (pp. 59–87). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Lyman, M.D. and Potter, G.W. (1997). Organized Crime. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
McCoy, A. (2003). The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade, Afghanistan, Southeast Asia, Central America. Chicago, IL: Lawrence Hill.
Mclllwain, J.S. (1999). ågOrganized Crime: A Social Network Approach,åh Crime, Law and Social Change 32(4): 301–323.
—. (2004). Organizing Crime in Chinatown: Race and Racketeering in New York City, 1890–1910. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company.
Miller, J. (2001). One of the Guys: Girls, Gangs, and Gender. New York: Oxford University Press.
Mittelman, J.H. and Johnston, R. (1999). ågThe Globalization of Organized Crime, the Courtesan State, and the Corruption of Civil Society,åh Global Governance 5(1): 103–126.
Moore, M.H. (1987). ågOrganized Crime as a Business Enterprise,åh In H. Edelhertz (Ed.), Major Issues in Organized Crime Control-Symposium Proceedings Washington D. C, September 25–26, 1986 (pp. 51–64). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
Morris, C.G. (1993). Psychology: An Introduction (8th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Morselli, C. (2005). Contacts, Opportunities, and Criminal Enterprise. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press.
Naylor, R.T. (2002). Wages of Crime: BlackMarkets, Illegal Finance, and the Underworld Economy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Nelken, D., and Levi, M. (1996). “The Corruption of Politics and the Politics of Corruption: An Overview,” Journal of Law and Society 23(1): 1–17.
O'Kane, J.M. (1992). The Crooked Ladder: Gangsters, Ethnicity, and the American Dream. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Paoli, L. (2003a). Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style. New York: Oxford University Press.
—. (2003b). ågThe ‘Invisible Hand of the Market’: The Illegal Drugs Trade in Germany, Italy, and Russia,“ In P. van Duyne, K. von Lampe, and J. Newell (Eds.), Criminal Finances and Organising Crime in Europe (pp. 19–40). Nijmegen, Netherlands: Wolf Legal Publishers.
Pedersen, C.A. (2004). ågBiological Aspects of Social Bonding and the Roots of Human Violence.åh Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1036: 106–127.
Polkehn, K., and Szeponik, H. (1985). Wer nicht schweigt, muss sterben: Ein Tatsachenbericht uber die Mafia [He Who Does Not Keep Silent Must Die: A Fact-Based Report on the Mafia] (7th ed.). Berlin: Militarverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik.
Porter, M. (1980). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. New York: The Free Press.
Potter, G.W. (1994). Criminal Organizations: Vice, Racketeering, and Politics in an American City. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
Putnam, R.D. (2001). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Reuter, P. (1983). Disorganized Crime: The Economics of the Visible Hand. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
—. (1985). The Organization of Illegal Markets: An Economic Analysis. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
—. (1987). Racketeering in Legitimate Industries: A Study in the Economics of Intimidation. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
—. (1994). ågResearch on American Organized Crime,åh In R.J. Kelly, K.-L. Chin, and R. Schatzberg (Eds.), Handbook of Organized Crime in the United States (pp. 91–120). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
— and Haaga, J. (1989). The Organization of High-Level Drug Markets: An Exploratory Study. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
Reynolds, M. (1995). From Gangs to Gangsters: How American Sociology Organized Crime, 1918–1994. Guilderland, NY: Harrow and Heston.
Rockaway, R.A. (1993). But He Was Good To His Mother: The Lives and Crimes of Jewish Gangsters. Jerusalem: Gefen.
Rubin, P. (1973). ågThe Economic Theory of the Criminal Firm,åh In S. Rottenberg (Ed.), The Economics of Crime and Punishment (pp. 155–166). Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute.
Ruggiero, V (2000). Crime and Markets: Essays in Anti-Criminology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Ruth, D.E. (1996). Inventing the Public Enemy: The Gangster in American Culture, 1918-1934. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Sahlins, M.D. (1972). Stone Age Economics. Chicago: Aldine.
Satter, D. (2003). Darkness at Dawn: The Rise of the Russian Criminal State. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Schelling, T.C. (1967). ågEconomic Analysis and Organized Crime,åh In Task Force Report: Organized Crime, Annotations and Consultants Papers (pp. 114–126). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
—. (1971). ågWhat Is the Business of Organized Crime?,åh The Journal of Public Law 20(1): 71 -84.
Schneider, A. (2004). Tony Soprano on Management. New York: Berkley.
Schulte-Bockholt, A. (2001). “A Neo-Marxist Explanation of Organized Crime,” Critical Criminology 10(3): 225–242.
Scott, J. (2000). Social Network Analysis: A Handbook (2nd ed.). London: Sage,
Sieber, U. and Bogel, M. (1993). Logistik der Organisierten Kriminalitat [Logistics of Organized Crime]. Wiesbaden, Germany: Bundeskriminalamt.
Siegel, L.J. (2006). Criminology (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
Skaperdas, S. and Syropoulos, C. (1995). ågGangs as Primitive States,åh In Gianluca Fiorentini and Sam Peltzman (Eds.), The Economics of Organised Crime (pp. 61–82). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Smith, D.C. (1975). The Mafia Mystique. New York: Basic Books.
—. (1978). “Organized Crime and Entrepreneurship,åh International Journal of Criminology and Penology 6(2): 161–177.
—. (1980). “Paragons, Pariahs, and Pirates: A Spectrum-Based Theory of Enterprise,” Crime and Delinquency 26(3): 358–386.
—. (1991). “Wickersham to Sutherland to Katzenbach: Evolving an “Official” Definition of Organized Crime,” Crime, Law and Social Change 16(2): 135–154.
—. (1994). åglllicit Enterprise: An Organized Crime Paradigm for the Nineties,åh In R.J. Kelly, K.-L. Chin, and R. Schatzberg (Eds.), Handbook of Organized Crime in the United States (pp. 121–150). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Southerland, M.D. and Potter, G.W. (1993). “Applying Organization Theory to Organized Crime,” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 9(3): 251–267.
Stone, W. (2001). Measuring Social Capital: Towards a Theoretically Informed Measurement Framework for Researching Social Capital in Family and Community Life. Australian Institute of Family Studies, Research Paper No. 24.
Thompson, J.D. (1967). Organizations in Action. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Thrasher, F.M. (1927). The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Tiger, L. (1984). Men in Groups (2nd ed.). New York: Marion Boyars.
Vander Beken, T. &, Defruytier, M. (2004). “Measure for Measure: Methodological Tools for Assessing the Risk of Organised Crime,” In P. van Duyne, M. Lager, K. von Lampe, and I. Newell (Eds.), Threats and Phantoms of Organised Crime, Corruption and Terrorism: Critical European Perspectives (pp. 51–84). Nijmegen, Netherlands: Wolf Legal Publishers.
van Duyne, P.C. (2000). “Mobsters Are Human Too: Behavioral Science and Organized Crime Investigation,” Crime Law and Social Change 34(4): 369–390
—. (2003). “Organizing Cigarette Smuggling and Policy Making, Ending Up in Smoke,” Crime, Law and Social Change 39(3): 285–317.
—. (2004). “The Creation of a Threat Image: Media, Policy Making and Organised Crime,” In P. van Duyne, M. Jager, K. von Lampe, and J Newell(Eds.), Threats and Phantoms of Organised Crime, Corruption and Terrorism: Critical European Perspectives (pp. 21–50). Nijmegen, Netherlands: Wolf Legal Publishers.
Varese, F. (2001). The Russian Mafia: Private Protection in a New Market Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Volkov, V (2000). “The Political Economy of Coercion, Economic Growth, and the Consolidation of the State,” Problems of Economic Transition 43(4): 24–40.
von Lampe, K. (1999). Organized Crime: Begriff und Theorie organisierter Kriminalitat in den USA [Organized Crime: Concept and Theory of Organized Crime in the U.S.]. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Lang.
—. (2001). ågNot a Process of Enlightenment: The Conceptual History of Organized Crime in Germany and the United States of America,” Forum on Crime and Society 1(2): 99–116.
—. (2002). “Organized Crime Research in Perspective,” In P. van Duyne, K. von Lampe, and N. Passas (Eds.), Upperworld and Underworld in Cross-Border Crime (pp. 189–198). Nijmegen, Netherlands: Wolf Legal Publishers.
—. (2003a). ågCriminally Exploitable Ties: A Network Approach to Organized Crime,Ah In E.C. Viano, J. Magallanes, and L. Bidel (Eds.), Transnational Organized Crime: Myth, Power, and Profit (pp. 9–22). Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
—. (2003b). ågOrganising the Nicotine Racket: Patterns of Cooperation in the Cigarette Black Market in Germany,åh In P. van Duyne, K. von Lampe, and J. Newell (Eds.), Criminal Finances and Organising Crime in Europe (pp. 41–65). Nijmegen, Netherlands: Wolf Legal Publishers.
— and Johansen, P.O. (2004). ågOrganised Crime and Trust: On the Conceptualization and Empirical Relevance of Trust in the Context of Criminal Networks,” Global Crime 6(2): 159–184.
Wagner, N., Boberg, M., and Beckmann, U. (2005). “Analysen zum Gefahrdungspotenzial Organisierter Kriminalitat [Analyses on the threat potential of organized crime],” Kriminalistik 59(2): 85–91.
Weerman, F.M. (2003). ågCo-offending as Social Exchange: Explaining Characteristics of CoOffending,åh British Journal of Criminology 43(2): 398–416.
Whyte, WE (1943). Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Williams, P. (1995). “The International Drug Trade: An Industry Analysis,” In G.H. Turbiville (Ed.), Global Dimensions of High Intensity Crime and Low Intensity Conflict (pp. 153–183). Chicago, IL: Office of International Criminal Justice.
Williamson, O.E. (1985). The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. New York: Free Press,
Woodiwiss, M. (2001). Organized Crime and American Power. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press.
Wuketits, F.M. (1997). Soziobiologie: Die Macht der Gene und die Evolution sozialen Verhaltens [Sociobiology: The Power of the Genes and the Evolution of Social Behavior]. Heidelberg, Germany: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag.
Zaitch, D. (2002). Trafficking Cocaine: Colombian Drug Entrepreneurs in the Netherlands. The Hague, Netherlands'. Kluwer Law International.
Zhang, S.X. and Gaylord, M.S. (1996). ågBound for the Golden Mountain: The Social Organization of Chinese Alien Smuggling,åh Crime, Law and Social Change 25(1): 1–16.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
von Lampe, K. The interdisciplinary dimensions of the study of organized crime. Trends Organ Crim 9, 77–95 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-006-1004-9
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-006-1004-9