Abstract
The Neoproterozoic Bhander Group in the Son Valley, central India conformably overlying the Rewa Group, is the uppermost subdivision of the Vindhyan Supergroup dominantly composed of arenites, carbonates and shales. In Maihar-Nagod area, a thick pile of unmetamorphosed clastic sedimentary rocks of Bhander Group is exposed, which provides a unique opportunity to study Neoproterozoic basin development through provenance and tectonic interpretations. The provenance discrimination and tectonic setting interpretations are based on modal analysis and whole rock geochemistry. The average framework composition of the detrital sediments composed of quartz and sedimentary lithic fragments are classified as quartz arenite to sublitharenite. The sandstone geochemically reflects high SiO2, moderate Al2O3 and low CaO and Na2O type arenite. The high concentration of HFSE such as Zr, Hf, and Th/Sc, Th/U ratios in these sandstones indicate a mixed provenance. The chondrite normalized REE pattern shows moderate to strong negative Eu anomaly which suggests that major part of the sediments were derived from the granitic source area. The sandstone tectonic discrimination diagrams and various geochemical plots suggest that the provenance of the lower and upper Bhander sandstone formations was continental interior to recycled orogen.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Auden J B 1933 Vindhyan sedimentation in the Son Valley, Mirzapur District; Geol. Surv. India Memoir 62 141–250.
Balaram V, Rao T Ganeshwara and Anjaiah K V 1999 International proficiency tests for analytical geochemistry laboratories: An assessment of accuracy and precision in routine geochemical analysis; J. Geol. Soc. India 53 417–423.
Banerjee D M and Bhattacharya P 1994 Petrology and geochemistry of greywackes from the Aravalli Supergroup, Rajasthan, India and the tectonic evolution of a Proterozoic sedimentary basin; Precamb. Res. 67 11–35.
Basu A, Patranabis-Deb S, Chieber J and Dhang P C 2008 Stratigraphic position of the ∼1000 Ma Sukhda tuff (Chattisgarh Supergroup, India) and 500 Ma question; Precamb. Res. 167 383–388.
Basumallick S 1962 Certain sedimentological features of the Bhander Sandstone in Maihar, M.P.; Quart. J. Geol. Min. Soc. India 34 175–181.
Bhattacharyya A 1993 The Upper Vindhyans of Maihar Field Guide Book; Geol. Soc. India, Bangalore, pp 39–89.
Bhattacharya A, Sarkar S and Chanda S K 1980 Storm deposits in the Late Proterozoic Lower Bhander Sandstone of the Vindhyan Supergroup around Maihar, Satna District, Madhya Pradesh, India; J. Sedim. Petrol. 50 1327–1336.
Bhatia M R 1983 Plate tectonics and geochemical composition of sandstones; J. Geol. 91 611–627.
Bhatia M R 1985 Rare earth element geochemistry of Australian Palaeozoic graywackes and mudrocks: Provenance and tectonic control; Sed. Geol. 45 97–113.
Bhatia M R and Crook K A W 1986 Trace element characteristics of graywackes and tectonic setting discrimination of sedimentary basins; Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 92 181–193.
Bose P K and Chaudhuri A K 1990 Tide versus storm in Epeiric coastal deposition: Two Proterozoic sequences, India; Geol. J. 25 81–101.
Bose P K, Sarkar S, Chakraborty and Banerjee S 2001 Overview of the meso- to neoproterozoic evolution of the Vindhyan basin, central India; Sed. Geol. 141-142 395–419.
Bose P K, Chakrabarty S and Sarkar S 1999 Recognition of ancient eolian dunes: A case study in Upper Bhander Sandstone, Son Valley, India; J. Sed. Res. 69(1) 74–81.
Chakrabarti A 1990 Trace and dubiotraces: Examples from the so called Late Proterozoic siliciclastic rocks of the Vindhyan Supergroup around Maihar, India; Precamb. Res. 47 141–153.
Chakrabarty R, Basu A R and Chakrabarty A 2007 Trace element and Nd-isotopic evidence for sediment sources in the mid-Proterozoic Vindhyan Basin, central India; Precamb. Res. 159 260–274.
Chanda S K and Bhattacharya A 1974 Ripple-drift cross lamination in tidal deposit: Examples from Precambrian Bhander Formation of Maihar, Satna district, Madhya Pradesh, India; Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 85 1117–1122.
Condie K C 1991 Another look at rare earth elements in shales; Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55 2527–2531.
Condie K C 1993 Chemical composition and evolution of the upper continental crust: Contrasting results from surface samples and shales; Chem. Geol. 104 1–37.
Condie K C, Wilkes M, Rosen D M and Zlobin V L 1991 Geochemistry of metasediments from the Hapschan Series, eastern Anabar Shield, Siberia; Precamb. Res. 50 37–47.
Crawford and Compston W 1970 The age of the Vindhyan system of Peninsular India; Quart. J. Geol. Soc. London 125 351–371.
Cullers R L 1994 The controls on the major and trace element variation of shales, siltstones and sandstones of Pennsylvanian-Permian age from uplifted blocks in Colorado to platform sediment in Kansas, USA; Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 22 4955–4972.
Dickinson W R 1982 Compositions of sandstones in Circum-Pacific subduction complexes and fore-arc basins; Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 66 121–137.
Dickinson W R 1985 Interpreting provenance relations from detrital modes of sandstones; In: Provenance of Arenites (ed.) Zuffa G G (New York: D. Reidel Publ. Co.), pp. 333–361.
Dickinson W R 1988 Provenance and sediment dispersal in relation to paleotectonics and paleogeography of sedimentary basins; In: New Perspectives in Basin Analysis (eds) Kleinspehn K L and Paola C (Berlin: Springer-Verlag), pp. 3–25.
Dickinson W R, Beard L S, Brakenridge G R, Erjavee J R, Ferguson R C and Inman K F 1983 Provenance of North American Phanerozoic sandstones in relation to plate tectonic setting; Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 94 222–235.
Dickinson W R and Suczek C A 1979 Plate tectonics and sandstone compositions; Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 63 2164–2182.
Folk R L 1968 Petrology of sedimentary rocks; Hemphills, Austin, Texas, 170 pp.
Gao S and Wedepohl K H 1995 The negative Eu anomaly in Archean sedimentary rocks: Implications for deposition, age and importance of their granitic sources; Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 133 81–94.
Ingersoll R V, Bullard T F, Ford R L, Grimm J P, Pickle J D and Sares S W 1984 The effect of grain size on detrital modes: A test of the Gazzi-Dickinson point counting method; J. Sedim. Petrol. 54 103–106.
Kumar S 1976 Stromatolites from the Vindhyan rocks of Son Valley, Maihar area, District Mirzapur (U.P.) and Satna (M.P.); J. Pal. Soc. India 18 13–21.
Malone S J, Meert J G, Banerjee D M, Pandit M K, Tamrat E, Kamenov G D, Pradhan V R and Sohl L E 2008 Paleomagnetism and Detrital Zircon Geochronology of the Upper Vindhyan Sequence, Son Valley and Rajasthan, India: A ca. 1000 Ma Closure age to the Purana Basins?; Precamb. Res. 164 137–159.
McLennan S M 1989 Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: Influence of provenance and sedimentary processes; In: Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements (eds) Lipin B R and McKay G A, Rev. Mineral. 21 169–200.
McLennan S M, Taylor S R and Eriksson K A 1983 Geochemistry of Archean shales from Pilbara Supergroup, Western Australia; Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 74 1211–1222.
McLennan S M, Taylor S R, McCulloch M T and Maynard J B 1990 Geochemical and Nd-Sr isotopic composition of deep sea turbidites: Crustal evolution and plate tectonic associations; Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 54 2015–2050.
McLennan S M and Taylor S R 1991 Sedimentary rocks and crust evolution: Tectonic setting and secular trends; J. Geol. 99 1–21.
Mishra D C, Singh B and Gupta S B 2002 Gravity modeling across Satpura and Godavari Proterozoic belts: Geophysical signatures of Proterozoic collision zones; Curr. Sci. 83(8) 1025–1031.
Naqvi S M, Sawkar R H, Subba Rao D V, Govil P K and Rao T G 1988 Geology, geochemistry and tectonic setting of Archean greywacke from Karnataka nucleus, India; Precamb. Res. 39 193–126.
Paikaray S, Banerjee S and Mukherjee S 2008 Geochemistry of shales from the Paleoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic Vindhyan Supergroup: Implications on provenance, tectonics and paleoweathering; J. Asian Earth Sci. 32 34–48.
Pettijohn F J, Potter P E and Siever R 1972 Sand and Sandstone (Berlin: Springer-Verlag), 241 p.
Potter P E 1986 South America and a few grains of sand, Pt. I. Beach sands; J. Geol. 94(3) 301–319.
Rao K S, Lal C and Ghosh D B 1977 Algal stromatolites in the Bhander Group of formations, Vindhyan Supergroup, Satna District, Madhya Pradesh; Rec. Geol. Surv. India 109(2) 38–47.
Ray J S, Martin M W, Veizer J and Bowring S A 2002 U-Pb zircon dating and Sr isotope systematics of the Vindhyan Supergroup, India; Geology 30 131–134.
Roser B P and Korsch R J 1986 Determination of tectonic setting of sandstone-mudstone suites using SiO2 content and K2O/Na2O ratio; J. Geol. 94(5) 635–650.
Roser B P and Korsch R J 1988 Provenance signature of sandstone-mudstone suites determined using discriminant function analysis of major element data; Chem. Geol. 67 119–139.
Schwab F L 1975 Framework mineralogy and chemical composition of continental margin type sandstone; J. Geol. 3 487–490.
Singh I B 1976 Depositional environment of the Upper Vindhyan sediments in the Satna-Maihar area, Madhya Pradesh and its bearing on the evolution of Vindhyan sedimentation basin; J. Paleont. Soc. India 19 48–70.
Srivastava A P and Rajagopalan G 1988 F.T. ages of Vindhyan glauconitic sandstone beds exposed around Rawatbhata area, Rajasthan; J. Geol. Soc. India 32 527–529.
Taylor S R and McLennan S M 1985 The continental crust: Its composition and evolution; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 312 p.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Banerjee, A., Banerjee, D.M. Modal analysis and geochemistry of two sandstones of the Bhander Group (Late Neoproterozoic) in parts of the Central Indian Vindhyan basin and their bearing on the provenance and tectonics. J Earth Syst Sci 119, 825–839 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-010-0056-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-010-0056-z