Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is small, double-stranded DNA virus that infects mucosal and cutaneous epithelial tissue. HPV is sexually transmitted and the viral DNA replicates extrachromosomally. The virus is non-enveloped and has an icosahedral capsid. There are approximately 118 types of HPV, which are characterized as high-risk or lowrisk types. High-risk HPVs cause malignant transformation while the low-risk ones cause benign warts and lesions. The expression of E6 and E7 is normally controlled during the normal viral life cycle when viral DNA replicates extrachromosomally. HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins are overexpressed when the viral genome integrates into the host DNA. Deregulated overexpression of E6 and E7 oncoproteins can cause several changes in cellular pathways and functions leading to malignant transformation of cells and tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on several cellular mechanisms and pathways that are altered in the presence of E6 and E7, the target proteins of E6 and E7 inside the host cell and how they contribute to the development of the transformed phenotype.
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Abbreviations
- AAK1:
-
adaptor protein 2 associated kinase 1
- ADA3:
-
adenosine deaminase 3
- BRCA1:
-
breast cancer-associated protein 1
- CAL:
-
cystic fibrosis receptor-associated ligand
- CDK:
-
cyclin-dependent kinase
- CDKI:
-
cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor
- CBP:
-
CREB-binding protein
- Dlg:
-
disc large
- E6AP:
-
E6-associated protein
- E6TP1:
-
E6 targeted protein 1
- ERBB3:
-
epidermal growth factor receptor-related protein tyrosine kinase B3
- EZH2:
-
enhancer of zeste homologue 2
- FADD:
-
fas-associated death domain
- GIPC:
-
GAIP-interacting protein c-terminus
- HDAC:
-
histone deacetylase
- HPV:
-
human papillomavirus
- hTERT:
-
human telomerase reverse transcriptase
- IAP2:
-
inhibitor of apoptosis 2
- IFN:
-
interferon
- IL:
-
interleukin
- Jak:
-
janus kinase
- LCR:
-
long control region
- PDZ:
-
PSD95/Dlg/ZO1
- IRF:
-
interferon regulatory factor
- MAGI:
-
membrane-associated guanylate kinase
- MCM7:
-
minichromosome maintenance 7
- MDM2:
-
mediator of DNA damage 2
- MMP:
-
matrix metalloprotease
- MUPP1:
-
multiple PDZ domain-containing protein 1
- NF-κB:
-
nuclear factor kappa B
- OSCC:
-
oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- PATJ:
-
PALS-1 associated tight junction protein
- PI3K:
-
phosphatidylinsotol-3-OH kinase
- PP2A:
-
protein phosphatase 2A
- PSD95:
-
post-synaptic density protein 95
- PTPN1:
-
protein tyrosine phosphatase N1
- Rb:
-
retinoblastoma
- Scrib:
-
scribble
- STAT1:
-
signal transducer and activator of transcription
- Tyk2:
-
tyrosine kinase 2
- USF:
-
upstream sequence factor
- TNFR1:
-
tumour necrosis factor receptor 1
- TSSK2:
-
testis-specific serine/threonine kinase 2
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Ganguly, N., Parihar, S.P. Human papillomavirus E6 and E7 oncoproteins as risk factors for tumorigenesis. J Biosci 34, 113–123 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-009-0013-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-009-0013-7