Abstract
In this study, we simulated typhoon waves in the shallow waters around the Zhoushan Islands using the WaveWatch-III (WW3) model version 5.16, the latest version released by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Specifically, we used in-situ measurements to evaluate the performance of seven packages of input/dissipation source terms in the WW3 model. We forced the WW3 model by wind fields derived from a combination of the parametric Holland model and high-resolution European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) wind data in a 0.125° grid, herein called H-E winds. We trained the H-E winds by fitting a shape parameter B to buoy-measured observations, which resulted in a smallest root mean square error (RMSE) of 3 m s−1 for B, when treated as a constant 0.4. Then, we applied the seven input/dissipation terms of WW3, labelled ST1, ST2, ST2+STAB2, ST3, ST3+STAB3, ST4, and ST6, to simulate the significant wave height (SWH) up to 5 m during typhoons Fungwong and Chan-hom around the Zhoushan Islands. We then compared the SWHs of the simulated waves with those measured by the in-situ buoys. The results indicate that the simulation using ST2 performs best with an RMSE of 0.79 m for typhoon Fung-wong and an RMSE of 1.12 m for typhoon Chan-hom. Interestingly, we found the simulated SWH results to be relatively higher than those of the observations in the area between Hangzhou Bay and the Zhoushan Islands. This behavior is worthy of further investigation in the future.
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Acknowledgements
Source code for the WW3 model was kindly provided at no cost by National Centers for Environmental Prediction of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). We greatly appreciate the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences for providing wind and wave observations from in-situ buoys. The European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) wind data were openly accessed from http://www.ecmwf. int. The General Bathymetry Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) data were downloaded via: ftp.edcftp.cr.usgs. gov. Typhoon parameters were provided by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) Tokyo-Typhoon Center of Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) via http://www.jma.go.jp. This research is partly supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract (Nos. 2017YFA0604901, 2016YFC 1401002 and 2016YFC1402000); the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract (Nos. 41776 183, 41606024 and 41506033).
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Sheng, Y., Shao, W., Li, S. et al. Evaluation of Typhoon Waves Simulated by WaveWatch-III Model in Shallow Waters Around Zhoushan Islands. J. Ocean Univ. China 18, 365–375 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-019-3829-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-019-3829-2