Abstract
The feasibility of using Phragmites australis-JS45 system in removing nitrobenzene from sediments was conducted. However, it was observed that nitrobenzene degraded rapidly and was removed completely within 20 days in native sediments, raising the possibility that indigenous microorganisms may play important roles in nitrobenzene degradation. Consequently, this study aimed to verify this possibility and investigate the potential nitrobenzene degraders among indigenous microorganisms in sediments. The abundance of inoculated strain JS45 and indigenous bacteria in sediments was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, community structure of the indigenous bacteria was analyzed through high throughput sequencing based on Illumina MiSeq platform. The results showed that indigenous bacteria in native sediments were abundant, approximately 1014 CFU/g dry weight, which is about six orders of magnitude higher than that in fertile soils. In addition, the levels of indigenous Proteobacteria (Acinetobacter, Comamonadaceae_ uncultured, Pseudomonas, and Thauera) and Firmicutes (Clostridium, Sporacetigenium, Fusibacter, Youngiibacter, and Trichococcus) increased significantly during nitrobenzene removal. Their quantities sharply decreased after nitrobenzene was removed completely, except for Pseudomonas and Thauera. Based on the results, it can be concluded that indigenous microorganisms including Proteobacteria and Firmicutes can have great potential for removing nitrobenzene from sediments. Although P. australis - JS45 system was set up in an attempt to eliminate nitrobenzene from sediments, and the system did not meet the expectation. The findings still provide valuable information on enhancing nitrobenzene removal by optimizing the sediment conditions for better growth of indigenous Proteobacteria and Firmicutes.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Zhao S, Ramette A, Niu G L, Liu H, Zhou N Y. Effects of nitrobenzene contamination and of bioaugmentation on nitrification and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in soil. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2009, 70(2): 315–323
Dorigan J, Hushon J M. Air Pollution Assessment of Nitrobenzene. Mclean, Virginia: The MITRE Corporation, 1976(NTIS No. PB257–776)
Keith L H, Telliard W A. ES&T Special Report: Priority pollutants I—A perspective view. Environmental Science & Technology, 1979, 13(4): 416–423
Chen A, Xiao B, Liang H, Ding C, Jiang G. Soil microbial community response to nitrobenzene exposure for a spartina wetland. Soil & Sediment Contamination, 2013, 22(2): 174–184
Hu L, Zeng G M, Chen G Q, Dong H R, Liu Y T, Wan J, Chen A W, Guo Z, Yan M, Wu H P, Yu Z G. Treatment of landfill leachate using immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium loaded with nitrogendoped TiO2 nanoparticles. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2016, 301: 106–118
Wan J, Zhang C, Zeng G M, Huang D L, Hu L, Huang C, Wu H P, Wang L L. Synthesis and evaluation of a new class of stabilized nano-chlorapatite for Pb immobilization in sediment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2016, 320: 278–288
Song Y Y, Song C C, Ju S B, Chai J H, Guo J, Zhao Q D. Hydroponic uptake and distribution of nitrobenzene in Phragmites australis: Potential for phytoremediation. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2010, 12(3): 217–225
Wang C, Li Y, Liu Z, Wang P. Bioremediation of nitrobenzenepolluted sediments by Pseudomonas putida. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2009, 83(6): 865–868
Li M T, Cui J T, Wang J H, Wang J, Hao L L. Isolation of nitrobenzene degrading strain Pseudomonas NB001 and application in the bioremediation of polluted water body. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazard Subst Environ Eng, 2012, 47(1): 70–76
Chaudhry Q, Blom-Zandstra M, Gupta S, Joner E J. Utilising the synergy between plants and rhizosphere microorganisms to enhance breakdown of organic pollutants in the environment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 2005, 12(1): 34–48
Hu L, Zhang C, Zeng G M, Chen G Q, Wan J, Guo Z, Wu H P, Yu Z G, Zhou Y Y, Liu J F. Metal-based quantum dots: Synthesis, surface modification, transport and fate in aquatic environments and toxicity to microorganisms. RSC Advances, 2016, 6(82): 78595–78610
Sun Y B, Zhao D, Xu Y M, Wang L, Liang X F, Shen Y. Effects of sepiolite on stabilization remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil and its ecological evaluation. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2016, 10(1): 85–92
Zeng G M, Wan J, Huang D L, Hu L, Huang C, Cheng M, Xue WJ, Gong X M, Wang R Z, Jiang D N. Precipitation, adsorption and rhizosphere effect: The mechanisms for Phosphate-induced Pb immobilization in soils—A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2017, 339: 354–367
Nishino S F, Spain J C. Degradation of nitrobenzene by a Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1993, 59(8): 2520–2525
Xia L, Liu G, Chen C M, Wen M Y, Gao Y Y. Red soil for sediment capping to control the internal nutrient release under flow conditions. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2016, 10(6): 14
Chi X Q, Zhang J J, Zhao S, Zhou N Y. Bioaugmentation with a consortium of bacterial nitrophenol-degraders for remediation of soil contaminated with three nitrophenol isomers. Environmental Pollution, 2013, 172(1): 33–41
Li Y, Li J, Wang C, Wang P F. Growth kinetics and phenol biodegradation of psychrotrophic Pseudomonas putida LY1. Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101(17): 6740–6744
Ren S T, Li M C, Sun J Y, Bian Y H, Zuo K C, Zhang X Y, Liang P, Huang X. A novel electrochemical reactor for nitrogen and phosphorus recovery from domestic wastewater. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2017, 11(4): 17
Lessner D J, Johnson G R, Parales R E, Spain J C, Gibson D T. Molecular characterization and substrate specificity of nitrobenzene dioxygenase from Comamonas sp. strain JS765. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2002, 68(2): 634–641
Norman R J, Edberg J C, Stucki J W. Determination of nitrate in soil extracts by dual-wavelength ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1985, 49(5): 1182–1185
Chi X Q, Liu K, Zhou N Y. Effects of bioaugmentation in paranitrophenol- contaminated soil on the abundance and community structure of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2015, 99(14): 6069–6082
Shen J P, Zhang L M, Zhu Y G, Zhang J B, He J Z. Abundance and composition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea communities of an alkaline sandy loam. Environmental Microbiology, 2008, 10(6): 1601–1611
Sun D L, Jiang X, Wu Q L, Zhou N Y. Intragenomic heterogeneity of 16S rRNA genes causes overestimation of prokaryotic diversity. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2013, 79(19): 5962–5969
Liu Z, Lozupone C, Hamady M, Bushman F D, Knight R. Short pyrosequencing reads suffice for accurate microbial community analysis. Nucleic Acids Research, 2007, 35(18): e120
Magoč T, Salzberg S L. FLASH: Fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England), 2011, 27(21): 2957–2963
Schloss P D, Westcott S L, Ryabin T, Hall J R, Hartmann M, Hollister E B, Lesniewski R A, Oakley B B, Parks D H, Robinson C J, Sahl J W, Stres B, Thallinger G G, Van Horn D J, Weber C F. Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent, community- supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2009, 75 (23): 7537–7541
Niu G L, Zhang J J, Zhao S, Liu H, Boon N, Zhou N Y. Bioaugmentation of a 4-chloronitrobenzene contaminated soil with Pseudomonas putida ZWL73. Environmental Pollution, 2009, 157 (3): 763–771
Laha S, Petrova K P. Biodegradation of 4-nitrophenol by indigenous microbial populations in Everglades soils. Biodegradation, 1997, 8 (5): 349–356
Spain J C, Van Veld P A. Adaptation of natural microbial communities to degradation of xenobiotic compounds: effects of concentration, exposure time, inoculum, and chemical structure. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1983, 45(2): 428–435
Li Z J, Wei C H, Ren Y, Liang S Z. Growth characteristics and activities of nitrobenzene anaerobic biodegradation strains. Environmental Science, 1999, 20(5): 20–24 (in Chinese)
Lu G L, Guo G L, Wang S J, Gu Q B, Li F S. Screening and biodegradation of anaerobic microorganisms for nitrobenzene in water.Jo urnal of Agro-Environment Science, 2010, 29(3): 556–562 (in Chinese)
Li D, Yang M, Li Z L, Qi R, He J Z, Liu H J. Change of bacterial communities in sediments along Songhua River in Northeastern China after a nitrobenzene pollution event. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2008, 65(3): 494–503
Cai B C, Gao S X, Xiao L, Shao Y, Kong D Y, Wang L S. Screening of an effective nitrobenzene degrading strain and its biodegradation characteristics. Environmental Science and Technology, 2003, 26 (4): 1–2 (in Chinese)
Liu L, Jiang C Y, Liu X Y, Wu J F, Han J G, Liu S J. Plant-microbe association for rhizoremediation of chloronitroaromatic pollutants with Comamonas sp. strain CNB-1. Environmental Microbiology, 2007, 9(2): 465–473
Xiao Y, Wu J F, Liu H, Wang S J, Liu S J, Zhou N Y. Characterization of genes involved in the initial reactions of 4- chloronitrobenzene degradation in Pseudomonas putida ZWL73. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2006, 73(1): 166–171
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chi, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, D. et al. The greater roles of indigenous microorganisms in removing nitrobenzene from sediment compared with the exogenous Phragmites australis and strain JS45. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 12, 11 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-018-1016-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-018-1016-0