Abstract
The mechanical properties of many materials prepared by additive manufacturing technology have been greatly improved. High strength is attributed to grain refinement, formation of high density dislocation and existence of cellular structures with nanoscale during manufacturing. In addition, the super-saturated solid solution of elements in the matrix and the solid solution segregation along the wall of the cellular structures also promote the improvement of strength by enhancing dislocation pinning. Hence, the existence of cellular structure in grains leads to differences in the prediction of material strength by Hall-Petch relationship, and there is no unified calculation method to determine the d value as grain size or cell size. In this work, representative materials including austenite 316L SS were printed by selective laser melting (SLM), and the strength was predicted. The values of cell size and grain size were substituted into Hall-Petch formula, and the results showed that the calculation error for 316L is increased from 4.1% to 11.9%. Therefore, it is concluded that the strength predicted by grain size is more accurate than that predicted by cell size in additive manufacturing materials. When calculating the yield strength of laser additive manufacturing metal materials through the Hall-Petch formula, the grain size should be used as the basis for calculation.
摘要
增材制造技术制备的金属材料部件,力学性能优于传统铸造工艺制造的,其原因可归于打印过程中晶粒的细化、高密度位错的形成以及纳米级胞状结构的存在。同时,通过增强位错钉扎作用,元素的过饱和固溶、晶界元素偏析共同促进了打印材料强度的提高。纳米尺寸级别的胞状晶结构组成了微米尺寸的柱状晶粒,因此对力学性能的计算和判断带来了困难。因此,基于胞晶晶粒的形成,对SLM成形316L 不锈钢力学性能的判断依据进行了研究。结果表明,通过晶粒尺寸预测的强度更加接近实际值,其计算误差在4.1%左右,远低于胞晶尺寸计算的误差11.9%。为了使结论具有普适性,对铝合金、镁合金以及钛合金进行了推广预测。结果表明,用晶粒尺寸预测的打印材料其屈服强度更加接近实际值。因此,在Hall-Petch 公式计算激光增材制造金属材料屈服强度时,应该以晶粒尺寸为计算依据。
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The overarching research goals were developed by WANG Yin, LI Rui-di, YUAN Tie-chui, and LI Kun. WANG Yin, NIU Peng-da, and WANG Yue-ting provided the measured raw data, and analyzed the measured data. WANG Yin and WANG Min-bo established the models and calculated the predicted strength. WANG Yin and LI Rui-di analyzed the calculated results. The initial draft of the manuscript was written by WANG Yin. All authors replied to reviewers’ comments and revised the final version.
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WANG Yin, WANG Yue-ting, LI Rui-di, NIU Peng-da, WANG Min-bo, YUAN Tie-chui and LI Kun declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Foundation item: Projects(51505166, 51871249) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(Guike AB19050002) supported by the Guangxi Key Research and Development Program, China; Project(2020JJ2046) supported by the Hunan Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars, China; Project(2020WK2027) supported by the Hunan Key R&D Plan, China
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Wang, Y., Wang, Yt., Li, Rd. et al. Hall-Petch relationship in selective laser melting additively manufactured metals: using grain or cell size?. J. Cent. South Univ. 28, 1043–1057 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-021-4678-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-021-4678-x