Abstract
As a major aspect of the ‘China Model’, urbanization in China is being heatedly discussed in the Anglophone literature in the last two decades. By considering China’s urbanization as a ‘testing ground’ of ‘western’ theories, these studies are important for the understanding of China’s ongoing urban restructuring and exchanging knowledge with ‘western’ insights. Based on a survey of existing studies, this paper identifies various endogenous and exogenous concepts and explanations of China’s urbanization. It is suggested that China’s urbanization is mainly driven by a combination of political decentralization and neoliberalization with various forms of social stratification and mobility. However, it is argued that the distinctness of the ‘China Model’, which is usually used to support the legitimacy of studies of China’s urbanization, has led to many controversial arguments and diminished the due contributions of Chinese scholars in the knowledge production of China’s urbanization. To consolidate the legitimacy of studies on China’s urbanization and enhance the roles of Chinese scholars, we suggest future studies to pay more attentions to the fundamental theories with looser constraints and ‘true questions’ on Chi
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Bjorklund E M, 1986. The danwei: Socio-spatial characteristics of work units in China’s urban society. Economic Geography, 62(1): 19–29. doi: 10.2307/143493
Breitung W, 2012. Enclave urbanism in China: Attitudes towards gated communities in Guangzhou. Urban Geography, 33(2): 278–294. doi: 10.2747/0272-3638.33.2.278
Cartier C, 2011. Neoliberalism and the neoauthoritarian city in China—contexts and research directions: Commentary in conversation with Jennifer Robinson’s urban geography plenary lecture. Urban Geography, 32(8): 1110–1121. doi: 10.2747/0272-3638.32.8.1110
Castells M, 1977. The Urban Question: A Marxist Approach. London: Edward Arnold.
Chan K W, 1992. Economic growth strategy and urbanization policies in China, 1949–1982. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 16(2): 275–305. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.1992.tb00173.x
Chan K W, 1994. Cities with Invisible Walls: Reinterpreting Urbanization in Post-1949 China. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Chan K W, 1996. Post-mao China: A two-class urban society in the making. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 20(1): 134–150. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.1996.tb00305.x
Chan K W, 2009. The Chinese hukou system at 50. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 50(2): 197–221. doi:10.2747/1539-7216.50.2.197
Chan K W, 2010. Fundamentals of China’s urbanization and policy. The China Review, 10(1): 63–94.
Chan K W, Buckingham W, 2008. Is China abolishing the hukou system? The China Quarterly, (195): 582–606. doi: 10.1017/S0305741008000787
Chen A, Gao J, 2011. Urbanization in China and the coordinated development model—The case of Chengdu. The Social Science Journal, 48(3): 500–513. doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2011.05.005
Chen G, 2011. Privatization, marketization, and deprivation: Interpreting the homeownership paradox in postreform urban China. Environment and Planning A, 43(5): 1135–1153. doi: 10.1068/a43444
Chien S S, Wu F, 2011. The transformation of China’s urban entrepreneurialism: The case study of the city of Kunshan. Cross Current: East Asian History and Culture Review, 1(1): 1–28.
Chu Y h, 2002. Re-engineering the developmental state in an age of globalization: Taiwan in defiance of neo-liberalism. The China Review, 2(1): 29–59.
Chung H, 2007. The change in China’s state governance and its effects upon urban scale. Environment and Planning A, 39(4): 789–809. doi: 10.1068/a3842
Chung H, 2010. Building an image of villages-in-the-city: A clarification of China’s distinct urban spaces. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 34(2): 421–437. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2010.00979.x
Cliff T, 2013. Peripheral urbanism: Making history on China’s northwest frontier. China Perspectives, (3): 13–23.
Eng I, 1997. The rise of manufacturing towns: Externally driven industrialization and urban development in the Pearl River Delta of China. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 21(4): 554–568. doi: 10.1111/1468-2427.00101
Fan C C, 1999. The vertical and horizontal expansions of China’s city system. Urban Geography, 20(6): 493–515. doi: 10.2747/0272-3638.20.6.493
Fan C C, 2004. The state, the migrant labor regime, and maiden workers in China. Political Geography, 23(3): 283–305. doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2003.12.013
Fan C C, 2008. China on the Move: Migration, the State, and the Household. London and New York: Routledge.
Fang C, Zhang X, Fan S, 2002. Emergence of urban poverty and inequality in China: Evidence from household survey. China Economic Review, 13(4): 430–443. doi: 10.1016/S1043-951X(02)00101-3
Fang Y, 2006. Residential satisfaction, moving intention and moving behaviours: A study of developed neighborhoods in inner-city Beijing. Housing Studies, 21(5): 671–694. doi: 10.1080/02673030600807217
Harvey D, 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Harvey D, 2007. Neoliberalism as creative destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1): 21–44. doi: 10.1177/0002716206296780
He C, Huang Z, Wang R, in press. Land use change and economic growth in urban China: A structural equation analysis. Urban Studies. doi: 10.1177/0042098013513649
He S, 2007. State-sponsored gentrification under market transition: The case of Shanghai. Urban Affairs Review, 43(2): 171–198. doi: 10.1177/1078087407305175
He S, 2010. New-build gentrification in Central Shanghai: Demographic changes and socioeconomic implications. Population, Space and Place, 16(5): 345–361. doi: 10.1002/psp.548
He S, 2013. Evolving enclave urbanism in China and its socio-spatial implications: The case of Guangzhou. Social & Cultural Geography, 14(3): 243–275. doi: 10.1080/14649365. 2012.762112
He S, Li Z, Wu F, 2006. Transformation of the Chinese city, 1995-2005: Geographical perspectives and geographers’ Contributions. China Information, 20(3): 429–456. doi: 10. 1177/0920203x06070033
He S, Wu F, 2009. China’s emerging neoliberal urbanism: Perspectives from urban redevelopment. Antipode, 41(2): 282–304. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8330.2009.00673.x
He S, Wu F, Webster C, Liu Y, 2010. Poverty concentration and determinants in China’s urban low-income neighborhoods and social groups. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 34(2): 328–349. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2010.00907.x
Hsing Y, 1996. Blood, thicker than water: Interpersonal relations and Taiwanese investment in southern China. Environment and Planning A, 28(12): 2241–2261. doi: 10.1068/a282241
Hunt S D, 1991. Modern Marketing Theory-Critical Issues in the Philosophy of Marketing Science. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western Publishing Co.
Huang Y, 2008. Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics: Entrepreneurship and the State. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Johnson E L, 1976. Households and Lineages in a Chinese Urban Village. PhD Thesis in Cornell University.
Li S M, 2004. Life course and residential mobility in Beijing, China. Environment and Planning A, 36(1): 27–43. doi: 10.1068/a35243
Li S M, 2005. China’s changing urban geography: A review of major forces at work. Issues & Studies, 41(4): 67–106.
Li S M, Huang Y, 2006. Urban housing in China: Market transition, housing mobility and neighbourhood change. Housing Studies, 21(5): 613–623. doi: 10.1080/02673030600807043
Li T, 2008. The chengzhongcun land market in China: Boon or bane? — A perspective on property rights. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 32(2): 282–304. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2008.00787.x
Li Z, Wu F, 2008. Tenure-based residential segregation in post-reform Chinese cities: A case study of Shanghai. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 33(3): 404–419. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-5661.2008.00304.x
Li Z, Ma L J C, Xue D, 2009. An African enclave in China: The making of a new transnational urban space. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 50(6): 699–719. doi: 10.2747/1539-7216.50.6.699
Liew L, 2005. China’s engagement with neo-liberalism: Path dependency, geography and party self-reinvention. The Journal of Development Studies, 41(2): 331–352. doi: 10.1080/0022038042000309278
Lin G C S, 1998. China’s industrialization with controlled urbanization: Anti-urbanism or urban-biased? Issues & Studies, 34(6): 98–116.
Lin G C S, 1999. State policy and spatial restructuring in post-reform China, 1978–1995. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 23(4): 670–696. doi: 10.1111/1468-2427.00222
Lin G C S, 2000. State, capital, and space in China in an age of volatile globalization. Environment and Planning A, 32(3): 455–471. doi: 10.1068/a3264
Lin G C S, 2007. Chinese urbanism in question: State, society, and the reproduction of urban spaces. Urban Geography, 28(1): 7–29. doi: 10.2747/0272-3638.28.1.7
Lin G C S, 2009a. Developing China: Land, Politics and Social Conditions. London and New York: Routledge.
Lin G C S, 2009b. Scaling-up regional development in globalizing China: Local capital accumulation, land-centred politics, and reproduction of space. Regional Studies, 43(3): 429–447. doi: 10.1080/00343400802662625
Lin G C S, 2010. Understanding land development problems in globalizing China. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 51(1): 80–103. doi: 10.2747/1539-7216.51.1.80
Lin G C S, Ho S P S, 2005. The state, land system, and land development processes in contemporary China. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 95(2): 411–436. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00467.x
Lin G C S, Li X, Yang F F et al., in press. Strategizing urbanism in the era of neoliberalization: State power reshuffling, land development and municipal finance in urbanizing China. Urban Studies. doi: 10.1177/0042098013513644
Lin G C S, Yi F, 2011. Urbanization of capital or capitalization on urban land? Land development and local public finance in urbanizing China. Urban Geography, 32(1): 50–79. doi: 10.2747/0272-3638.32.1.50
Liu Y, He S, Wu F, 2011. Housing differentiation under market transition in Nanjing, China. The Professional Geographer, 64(4): 554–571. doi: 10.1080/00330124.2011.614565
Liu Yungang, Wang Fenglong, 2013. Reexamining Chinese Human Geography: Perspective of theoretical studies in recent thirty years. Human Geography, (01): 14–19. (in Chinese)
Liu Yungang, Xu Xueqiang, 2008. Duality of Chinese Geography. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 28(5): 587–593. (in Chinese)
Liu Y, Yin G, Ma L J C, 2012. Local state and administrative urbanization in post-reform China: A case study of Hebi City, Henan Province. Cities, 29(2): 107–117. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2011.08.003
Logan J, 2008. Urban China in transition. Oxford: Blackwell.
Logan J R, Bian Y, Bian F, 1999. Housing inequality in urban China in the 1990s. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 23(1): 7–25. doi: 10.1111/1468-2427.00176
Lu D, 2006. Remaking Chinese Urban Form: Modernity, Scarcity and Space, 1949–2005. London and New York: Routledge.
Ma L J C, 2002. Urban transformation in China, 1949–2000: A review and research agenda. Environment and Planning A, 34(9): 1545–1569. doi: 10.1068/a34192
Ma L J C, 2005. Urban administrative restructuring, changing scale relations and local economic development in China. Political Geography, 24(4): 477–497. doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2004.10.005
Ma L J C, 2009. Viewpoint: China’s authoritarian capitalism: Growth, elitism and legitimacy. International Development Planning Review, 31(1): i–xii. doi: 10.3828/idpr.31.1.1
Ma L J C, Cui G, 1987. Administrative changes and urban population in China. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 77(3): 373–395. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1987.tb00165.x
Ma L J C, Cui G, 2002. Economic transition at the local level: Diverse forms of town development in China. Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, 43(2): 79–103. doi: 10.1080/10889388.2002.10641194
Ma L J C, Fan M, 1994. Urbanisation from below: The growth of towns in Jiangsu, China. Urban Studies, 31(10): 1625–1645. doi: 10.1080/00420989420081551
Ma L J C, Wu F, 2013. Restructuring the Chinese City: Changing Society, Economy and Space. London and New York: Routledge.
Ma L J C, Xiang B, 1998. Native place, migration and the emergence of peasant enclaves in Beijing. The China Quarterly, 155: 546–581.
McGee T, Lin G C, Wang M et al., 2007. China’s Urban Space: Development under Market Socialism. London and New York: Routledge.
Middelhoek J, 1988. Urbanization and Urban Planning in the People’s Republic of China: A Selected Bibliography (1980–1988)(including 8 Laws on Urban Planning, Land Management and Urban Housing). Geografisch en Planologisch Institute, Katholieke Universiteit van Nijmegen.
Nonini D M, 2008. Is China becoming neoliberal?. Critique of Anthropology, 28(2): 145–176. doi: 10.1177/0308275x 08091364
Peck J, Zhang J, 2013. A variety of capitalism with Chinese characteristics? Journal of Economic Geography, 13(3): 357–396. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbs058
People’s Daily Online, 2005. China to push forward urbanization steadily. Available at: http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200505/12/eng20050512_184776.html.
Pannell C W, 1990. China’s urban geography. Progress in Human Geography, 14(2): 214–236. doi: 10.1177/030913259001400202
Schaefer F K, 1953. Exceptionalism in Geography: A methodological examination. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 43(3): 226–249. doi: 10.1080/000456053093 52114
Shen J, 2004. Cross-border urban governance in Hong Kong: The role of state in a globalizing city-region. The Professional Geographer, 56(4): 530–543. doi: 10.1111/j.0033-0124.2004. 00446.x
Shen J, 2007. Scale, state and the city: Urban transformation in post-reform China. Habitat International, 31(3–4): 303–316. doi: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2007.04.001
Shen J, Wong K, Feng Z, 2002. State-sponsored and spontaneous urbanization in the Pearl River Delta of south China, 1980–1998. Urban Geography, 23(7): 674–694. doi: 10.2747/0272-3638.23.7.674
Shin H B, 2014. Urban spatial restructuring, event-led development and scalar politics. Urban Studies, in press. doi: 10.1177/0042098013515031
Shue V, 1988. The Reach of the State: Sketches of the Chinese Body Politic. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Sit V F S, Yang C, 1997. Foreign-investment-induced exo-urbanisation in the Pearl River Delta, China. Urban Studies, 34(4): 647–677. doi: 10.1080/0042098975961
Sjoberg Ö, 1999. Shortage, priority and urban growth: Towards a theory of urbanisation under central planning. Urban Studies, 36(13): 2217–2236. doi: 10.1080/0042098992395
Smart A, Lin G C S, 2007. Local capitalisms, local citizenship and translocality: Rescaling from below in the Pearl River Delta Region, China. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 31(2): 280–302. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2007.00732.x
Smart J, Smart A, 1991. Personal relations and divergent economies: A case study of Hong Kong investment in South China. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 15(2): 216–233. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.1991.tb00631.x
Solinger D J, 1999. Contesting Citizenship in Urban China: Peasant Migrants, the State, and the Logic of the Market. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Solinger D J, 2012. The new urban underclass and its consciousness: Is it a class?. Journal of Contemporary China, 21(78): 1011–1028. doi: 10.1080/10670564.2012.701037
Wang Y P, 2004. Urban Poverty, Housing and Social Change in China. London and New York: Routledge.
Wang Y P, Murie A, 2000. Social and spatial implications of housing reform in China. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24(2): 397–417. doi: 10.1111/1468-2427.00254
Wei Y D, 1995. Large Chinese cities: A review and a research agenda. Asian Geographer, 14(1): 1–13. doi: 10.1080/10225706.1995.9683996
Wei Y D, 2002. Beyond the Sunan model: Trajectory and underlying factors of development in Kunshan, China. Environment and Planning A, 34(10): 1725–1747. doi: 10.1068/a3567
Wei Y D, Leung C K, 2005. Development zones, foreign investment, and global city formation in Shanghai. Growth and Change, 36(1): 16–40. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2257. 2005.00265.x
Wei Y D, Li W, Wang C, 2007. Restructuring industrial districts, scaling up regional development: A study of the Wenzhou Model, China. Economic Geography, 83(4): 421–444. doi: 10.1111/j.1944-8287.2007.tb00381.x
Woodworth M D, 2012. Frontier boomtown urbanism in Ordos, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review, 1(1): 74–101. doi: 10.1353/ach.2012.0009
Wu F, 1996. Changes in the structure of public housing provision in urban China. Urban Studies, 33(9): 1601–1627. doi: 10.1080/0042098966529
Wu F, 1997. Urban restructuring in China’s emerging market economy: Towards a framework for analysis. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 21(4): 640–663. doi: 10.1111/1468-2427.00106
Wu F, 2000. The global and local dimensions of place-making: Remaking Shanghai as a world city. Urban Studies, 37(8): 1359–1377. doi: 10.1080/00420980020080161
Wu F, 2001. China’s recent urban development in the process of land and housing marketisation and economic globalisation. Habitat International, 25(3): 273–289. doi: 10.1016/S0197-3975(00)00034-5
Wu F, 2002a. China’s Changing urban governance in the transition towards a more market-oriented economy. Urban Studies, 39(7): 1071–1093. doi: 10.1080/00420980220135491
Wu F, 2002b. Sociospatial differentiation in urban China: Evidence from Shanghai’s real estate markets. Environment and Planning A, 34(9): 1591–1615. doi: 10.1068/a34196
Wu F, 2003. The (post-) socialist entrepreneurial city as a state project: Shanghai’s reglobalisation in question. Urban Studies, 40(9): 1673–1698. doi: 10.1080/0042098032000106555
Wu F, 2004. Urban poverty and marginalization under market transition: The case of Chinese cities. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 28(2): 401–423. doi: 10.1111/j.0309-1317.2004.00526.x
Wu F, 2005. Rediscovering the ‘Gate’ under market transition: From work-unit compounds to commodity housing enclaves. Housing Studies, 20(2): 235–254. doi: 10.1080/026730303042 000331754
Wu F, 2007. China’s Emerging Cities: The Making of New Urbanism. New York: Routledge.
Wu F, 2008. China’s great transformation: Neoliberalization as establishing a market society. Geoforum, 39(3): 1093–1096. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2008.01.007
Wu F, 2010. How neoliberal is China’s reform? The origins of change during transition. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 51(5): 619–631. doi: 10.2747/1539-7216.51.5.619
Wu F, Phelps N A, 2011. (Post) suburban development and state entrepreneurialism in Beijing’s outer suburbs. Environment and Planning A, 43(2): 410–430. doi: 10.1068/a43125
Wu F, He S, Webster C, 2010a. Path dependency and the neighbourhood effect: urban poverty in impoverished neighbourhoods in Chinese cities. Environment and Planning A, 42(1): 134–152. doi: 10.1068/a4264
Wu F, Webster C, He S et al., 2010b. Urban Poverty in China. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Wu F, Webber K, 2004. The rise of ‘foreign gated communities’ in Beijing: Between economic globalization and local institutions. Cities, 21(3): 203–213. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2004.03.002
Wu F, Zhang F, Webster C, 2014. Rural Migrants in Urban China: Enclaves and Transient Urbanism. New York: Routledge.
Wu F, Zhang J, 2007. Planning the competitive city-region: The emergence of strategic development plan in China. Urban Affairs Review, 42(5): 714–740. doi: 10.1177/1078087406298 119
Wu Jiehmin, 2011. Strangers forever? Differential citizenship and China’s rural migrant workers. Taiwanese Sociology, (21): 51–99. (in Chinese)
Xu J, Yeh A, 2009. Decoding urban land governance: State reconstruction in contemporary Chinese cities. Urban Studies, 46(3): 559–581. doi: 10.1177/0042098008100995
Xu X, 2011. Neoliberalism and governance in China. Available at:url: sant.ox.ac.uk.
Xue C Q L, Wang Y, Tsai L, 2013. Building new towns in China: A case study of Zhengdong New District. Cities, 30(0): 223–232. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2012.02.003
Yan X, 1995. Chinese urban geography since the late 1970s. Urban Geography, 16(6): 469–492. doi: 10.2747/0272-3638. 16.6.469
Yeh A G O, Wu F, 1996. The new land development process and urban development in Chinese cities. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 20(2): 330–353. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.1996.tb00319.x
Yeung H W C, 2000. Local politics and foreign ventures in China’s transitional economy: The political economy of Singaporean investments in China. Political Geography, 19(7): 809–840. doi: 10.1016/S0962-6298(00)00027-5
Yeung Y M, Zhou Y X, 1991. Human geography in China: Evolution, rejuvenation and prospect. Progress in Human Geography, 15: 373–394. doi: 10.1177/030913259101500401
Zhang Jingxiang, Hu Yi, Luo Zhendong, 2013. A review and reflection of overseas urban China researches. Journal of Urban Planning International, (05): 59–65. (in Chinese)
Zhang J, Wu F, 2006. China’s changing economic governance: Administrative annexation and the reorganization of local governments in the Yangtze River Delta. Regional Studies, 40(1): 3–21. doi: 10.1080/00343400500449085
Zhang L, Zhao S X, 1998. Re-examining China’s ‘urban’ concept and the level of urbanization. The China Quarterly, (154): 330–381. doi: 10.2307/655894
Zhao X, Zhang L, 1995. Urban performance and the control of urban size in China. Urban Studies, 32(4–5): 813–846. doi: 10.1080/00420989550012906
Zhou Li’an, 2008. Local States in Transition: Incentives and Governances of Officials. Shanghai: Truth & Wisdom Press. (in Chinese)
Zhou M, Logan J R, 1996. Market transition and the commodification of housing in urban China. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 20(3): 400–421. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.1996.tb00325.x
Zhou Y, 1988. Definitions of urban places and statistical standards of urban population in China: Problems and solutions. Asian Geographer, 7(1): 12–28.
Zhou Y, Ma L J C, 2000. Economic restructuring and suburbanization in China. Urban Geography, 21(3): 205–236. doi: 10.2747/0272-3638.21.3.205
Zhou Y, Ma L J C, 2005. China’s urban population statistics: A critical evaluation. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 46(4): 272–289. doi: 10.2747/1538-7216.46.4.272
Zhu J, 1999. Local growth coalition: The context and implications of China’s gradualist urban land reforms. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 23(3): 534–548. doi: 10.1111/1468-2427.00211
Zhu J, 2005. A transitional institution for the emerging land market in urban China. Urban Studies, 42(8): 1369–1390. doi: 10.1080/00420980500150714
Zhu J, Guo Y, 2014. Fragmented peri-urbanisation led by autonomous village development under informal institution in high-density regions: The case of Nanhai, China. Urban Studies, 51(6): 1120–1145. doi: 10.1177/0042098013499083
Zhu Y, Lin M, Lin L et al., 2013. The Extent of In Situ Urbanisation in China’s County Areas. China Perspectives, 2013(3): 43–52.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Foundation item: Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41271165, 41130747), Chinese Ministry of Education’s Project for Human and Social Science Research and Planning (No. 12YJAGJW007)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, F., Liu, Y. How unique is ‘China Model’: A review of theoretical perspectives on China’s urbanization in Anglophone literature. Chin. Geogr. Sci. 25, 98–112 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-014-0713-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-014-0713-2