Abstract
The comparison of the fatty acids between aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (AAPB) and their phylogenetic relatives has been a fascinating but yet enigmatic topic, enhancing our understanding of physiological variations between these evolutionarily related microorganisms. Two strains of marine bacteria, both phylogenetically falling into Erythrobacter sp., were isolated from the South China Sea, and demonstrated, respectively, to be an aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (AAPB) (JL475) which is capable of anoxygenic photosynthesis via BChl a, and an obligate heterotroph (JL316) with a lack of BChl a, on the basis of phylogenetic analysis and pure culture cultivation. Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and glycolipid fatty acids (GLFA) of the two strains were extracted and analyzed by gas chromatographymass spectrometry. The PLFA in JL475 AAPB are characterized by C18:1 C18:2ω7,13 and C18:1, with the C18:2ω7,13 being a specific compound for AAPB and in particular for Erythrobacter longus and some of its phylogenetically closely related relatives. The JL316 strain is characterized in PLFA by the presence of C18:1, C16:1 and C16:0, and in particular C17:1. GLFA do not show any discrimination between the two strains. Four α,ω-dicarboxylic acids, including 1,8-octanedioic acid, 1,9-nonanedioic acid, 1,10-decanedioic acid and 1,11-undecanedioic acid, are present only in JL316 GLFA, presumably derived from metabolic products. C14-C16 2-hydroxy fatty acids were found in the two strains, probably assuming a similar function of their LPS in outer membranes.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Bardgett R D, Hobbs P J, Frostegård Å (1996). Changes in soil fungal: Bacterial biomass ratios following reductions in the intensity of management of an upland grassland. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 22(3): 261–264
Béjà O, Suzuki M T, Heidelberg J F, Nelson W C, Preston C M, Hamada T, Eisen J A, Fraser C M, Delong E F (2002). Unsuspected diversity among marine aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs. Nature, 415: 630–633
Bligh E G, Dyer W J (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 37:911–917
Cardoso J N, Eglinton G (1983). The use of hydroxyacids as geochemical indicators. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47: 723–730
Cottrell M T, Mannino A, Kirchman D L (2006). Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in the mid-Atlantic Bight and the North Pacific Gycre. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72(1): 557–564
Denner E B M, Vybiral D, Koblížek M, Kämpfer P, Busse H-J, Velimirov B (2002). Erythrobacter citreus sp.nov., a yellow-pigmented bacterium that lacks bacteriochlorophyll a, isolated from the western Mediterranean Sea. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 52: 1655–1661
Erb T J, Berg I A, Brecht V, Müller M, Fuchs G, Alber B E (2007). Synthesis of C5-dicarboxylic acids from C2-units involving crotonyl-CoA carboxylase/reductase: The ethylmalonyl-CoA pathway. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(25): 10631–10636
Frostegård Å, Tunlid A, Bååth E (1993). Phospholipid fatty acid composition, biomasss, and activity of microbial communities from two soil types experimentally exposed to different heavy metals. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59(11): 3605–3617
Fuerst J A, Hawkins J A, Holmes A, Sly L I, Moore C J, Stackebrandt E (1993). Porphyrobacter neustonensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an aerobic bacteriochlorophyll-synthesizing budding bacterium from fresh water. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 43:125–34
Guckert J B, Hood M A, White D C (1986). Phospholipid ester-linked fatty acid profile changes during nutrient deprivation of Vibrio cholerae: Increases in the trans/cis ratio and proportions of cyclopropyl fatty acids. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 52(4): 794–801
Hiraishi A, Matsuzawa Y, Kanbe T, Wakao N (2000). Acidisphaera rubrifaciensgen. nov., sp. nov.,an aerobic bacteriochlorophyllcontaining bacterium isolated from acidic environments. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 50: 1539–1546
Ivanova E P, Bowman J P, Lysenko A M, Zhukova N V, Lysenkod A M, Zhukovae N V, Gorshkovab N M, Kuznetsovab T A, Kalinovskayab N I, Shevchenkob L S, Mikhailovb V V (2005). Erythrobacter vulgarissp. nov., a novel organism isolated from the marine invertibrates. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 28: 123–130
Jiao N, Zhang Y, Zeng Y, Hong N, Liu R, Chen F, Wang P (2007). Distinct distribution pattern of abundance and diversity of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in the global ocean. Environmental Microbiology, 9(12): 3091–3099
Kawamura K, Kasukabe H, Barrie L A (1996). Source and reaction pathways of dicarboxylic acids, ketoacids and dicarbonyls in Arctic aerosols: One year of observations. Atmospheric Environment, 30 (10/11): 1709–1722
Kenyon C N (1978). Complex lipids and fatty acids of photosynthetic bacteria. In: Clayton R K, Sistrom W R, eds. The Photosynthetic Bacteria. New York: Plenum, 281–313
Kieft T L, Ringelberg D B, White D C (1994). Changes in ester-linked phospholipid fatty acid profiles of subsurface bacteria during starvation and dessication in a porous medium. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60(9): 3292–3299
Koblížek M, Béjà O, Bidigare R R, Christensen S, Benitez-Nelson B, Vetriani C, Kolber M K, Falkowski P G, Kolber Z S (2003). Isolation and characterisation of Erythrobacter sp. strains from the upper ocean. Archives of Microbiology, 180: 327–338
Kolber Z S, Van Dover C L, Niederman R A, Falkowski P G (2000). Bacterial photosynthesis in surface waters of the open ocean. Nature, 407: 177–179
Kolber Z S, Plumley F G, Lang A S, Beatty J T, Lang A S, Beatty J T, Blankenship R E, Van Dover C L, Vetriani C, Koblizek M, Rathgeber C, Falkowskil P G (2001). Contribution of aerobic photoheterotrophic bacteria to the carbon cycle in the ocean. Science, 292: 2492–2495
Kompantseva E I, Imhoff J F, Thiemann B, Panteleeva E E, Akimov V N (2007). Comparative study of the fatty acid composition of some groups of purple nonsulfur bacteria. Microbiology, 76(5): 541–551
Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M (2004). MEGA3: Integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 5: 150–163
Lehtonen K, Ketola M (1993). Solvent-extractable lipids of Sphagnum, Carex, Bryales and Carex-Bryales peats: Content and compositional features vs peat humification. Organic Geochemistry, 20(3): 363–380
Rainey F A, Ward-Rainey N, Kroppenstedt R M, Stackebrandt E (1996). The genus Nocardiopsis represents a phylogenetically coherent taxon and distinct actinomycete lineage: Proposal of Nocardiopsaceae fam. nov. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 46: 1088–1092
Rajendran N, Matsuda O, Urushigawa Y, Simidu U (1994). Characterization of microbial community structure in the surface sediment of Osaka Bay, Japan, by phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60(1): 248–257
Rathgeber C, Beatty J T, Yurkov V (2004). Aerobic phototrophic bacteria: New evidence for the diversity, ecological importance and applied potential of this previously overlooked group. Photosynthesis Research, 81: 113–128
Rontani J F, Christodoulou S, Koblizek M (2005). GC-MS structural characterisation of fatty acids from marine aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. Lipids, 40(1): 97–108
Saitou N, Nei M (1987). The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 4: 406–425
Schwalbach M S, Fuhrman J A (2005). Wide-ranging abudances of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in the world ocean revealed by epifluorescence microscopy and quantitative PCR. Limnology and Oceanography, 50(2): 620–628
Shiba T, Shioi Y, Takamiya K-I, Sutton D C,. Wilkinson C R (1991). Distribution and physiology of aerobic bacteria containing bacteriochlorophyll a on the east and west coasts of Australia. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57(1): 295–300
Shiba T, Simidu U, Taga N (1979). Distribution of aerobic bacteria which contain bacteriochlorophyll a. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 38(1): 43–45
Shimada K (1995). Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs. In: Blankenship R E, Madigan M T, Bauer C E, eds. Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic: 105–122
Stahl P D, Klug M J (1996). Characterization and differentiation of filamentous fungi based on fatty acid composition. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62(11): 4136–4146
Stephanou E G, Stratigakis N (1993). Oxocarboxylic and α,ω-dicarboxylic acids: Photooxidation products of biogenic unsaturated fatty acids present in urban aerosols. Environmental Science and Technology, 27: 1403–1407
Summons R E, Jahnke L L, Simoneit B R T (1996). Lipid biomarkers for bacterial ecosystems: Studies of cultured organisms, hydrothermal environments and ancient sediments. Evolution of hydrothermal ecosystems on Earth (and Mars?). Ciba Foundation Symposium,202. Chichester: Wiley, 174–194
Uhlířová E, Elhottová D, Triska J, Santruckova H (2005). Physiology and microbial community structure in soil at extreme water content. Folia microbiologica, 50(2): 161–166
Volkman J K, Barrett S M, Blackburn S I, Mansour M P, Sikes E L, Gelin F (1998). Microalgal biomarkers: A review of recent research developments. Organic Geochemistry, 29(5–7): 1163–1179
Volkman J K, Johns R B, Gillan F T, Perry G J, Bavor H J (1980). Microbial lipids of an intertidal sediment: I. Fatty acids and hydrocarbons. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 44(8): 1133–1143
Waidner L A, Kirchman D L (2007). Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria attached to particles in turbid waters of the Delaware and Chesapeake Estuaries. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73(12): 3936–3944
White D C, Davis W M, Nichols J S, King J D, Bobbie R J (1979). Determination of the sedimentary microbial biomass by extractible lipid phosphate. Oecologia, 40:51–62
Yoon J-H, Kang K H, Oh T-K, Park Y-H (2004). Erythrobacter aquimarissp. nov., isolated from sea water of a tidal flat of the Yellow Sea in Korea. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 54: 1981–1985
Yoon J-H, Kim H, Kim I-G, Kang K H, Park Y-H (2003). Erythrobacter flavussp. nov., a slight halophile from the East Sea in Korea. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 53: 1169–1174
Yoon J-H, Oh T-K, Park Y-H (2005). Erythrobacter seohaensis sp. nov. and Erythrobacter seohaensis sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat of the Yellow Sea in Korea. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 55: 71–75
Yurkov V V, Beatty J T (1998)a. Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 62(3): 695–724
Yurkov V V, Beatty J T (1998)b. Isolation of aerobic anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria from black smoker plume waters of the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the Pacific Ocean. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64(1): 337–341
Yurkova N, Rathgeber C, Swiderski J, Stackebrandt E, Beatty J T, Hall K J, Yurkov V (2002). Diversity, distribution and physiology of the aerobic phototrophic bacteria in the mixolimnion of meromictic lake. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 40: 191–204
Yutin N, Suzuki M T, Teeling H, Weber M, Venter J C, Rusch D B, Béjà O (2007). Assessing diversity and biogeography of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in surface waters of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans using the Global Ocean Sampling expedition metagenomes. Environmental Microbiology, 9(6): 1464–1475
Zelles L (1999). Fatty acid patterns of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides in the characterisation of microbial communities in soil: A review. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 29: 111–129
Zhang C L, Fouke B W, Bonheyo G T, Peacock A D, White D C, Huang Y, Romanek C S (2004). Lipid biomarkers and carbon isotopes of modern travertine deposits (Yellowstone National Park, USA): Implications for biogeochemical dynamics in hot-spring systems. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68(15): 3157–3169
Zink K-G, Wilkes H, Disko U, Elvert M, Horsfield B (2003). Intact phospholipids-microbial ôlife markerso in marine deep subsurface sediments. Organic Geochemistry, 34: 755–769
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, H., Ma, X., Li, Q. et al. Distributions of phospholipid and glycolipid fatty acids in two strains of different functional Erythrobacter sp. isolated from South China Sea. Front. Earth Sci. China 3, 91–99 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-009-0009-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-009-0009-5