1 Introduction

Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2 nd edition, a comprehensive collection of alloy phase diagrams for 2159 binary systems, was published in 1990 (T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, and L. Kacprzak., ASM International, Materials Park, OH [Massalski2]). This review intends to provide more recent information on the binary phase diagrams for the Ag-Ca, Al-Yb, As-Fe, B-Zr, Co-U, Cu-Se, Cu-Th, La-Mo, Mg-Sn, Mo-Th, Sn-Ta, and Te-Ti systems that have become available after 1990. The criteria for selecting such information for inclusion in this review are (1) systems for which no phase diagram was given in [Massalski2], (2) complete diagrams that are substantially different from the earlier version, and (3) partial diagrams that alter or clarify the earlier version. Thermodynamic consistency of the new phase diagrams was checked based on phase rules and the diagrams were modified if necessary. However, each updated phase diagram has not gone through the ordinary evaluation process. Accordingly, a newer phase diagram is not always a better diagram, especially when there is too little published data on a system. For convenience, reaction tables and crystal structure data have been added when new information was available.

2 Ag-Ca (Silver-Calcium)

A preliminary form of the Ag-Ca phase diagram prepared by [1988Bar] was shown in [1990Mas]. Problems on the form of liquidus boundaries in this phase diagram were pointed out by [1994Oka], but these problems have already been solved in the final version of [1988Bar]. This revised phase diagram is shown in, e.g., [2010Oka]. The phase diagram was assessed thermodynamically by [2008Hua]. The calculated result shown in Fig. 1 is in good agreement with [1988Bar]. Similar phase diagrams were obtained by [2014Bra] and [2015Wan]. Ag-Ca crystal structure data are updated in Table 1 according to [2007Vil].

Fig. 1
figure 1

Ag-Ca phase diagram [2008Hua]

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Table 1 Ag-Ca crystal structure data
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3 References

  • 1988Bar: M.R. Baren, The Ag-Ca (Silver-Calcium) System, Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, 1988, 9(3), p 228-231

  • 1990Mas: T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, and L. Kacprzak, ed., Ag-Ca (Silver-Calcium), Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990, p 20-21

  • 1994Oka: H. Okamoto and T.B. Massalski, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams Requiring Further Studies, J. Phase Equilib., 1994, 15(5), p 500-521

  • 2007Vil: P. Villars and K. Cenzual, Pearson’s Crystal Data CD-ROM, Release 2007/8, ASM International, OH, 2007

  • 2008Hua: G.X. Huang, L.B. Liu, B.R. Jia, L.G. Zhang, and Z.P. Jin, Thermodynamic Modeling of the Ca-Ag Binary System, J. Alloys Compd., 2008, 460, p 375-378

  • 2010Oka: H. Okamoto, Desk Handbook, Phase Diagrams for Binary Alloys, 2 nd Edition, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2010, p 5

  • 2014Bra: M.H. Braga, A. Dębski, and W. Gasior, Optimization and Assessment of the Ag-Ca Phase Diagram, J. Alloys Compd., 2014, 612, p 280-286

  • 2015Wan: J. Wang, P. Chartrand, and I.H. Jung, Thermodynamic Description of the Ag-(Ca, Li, Zn) and Ca-(In, Li) Binary Systems, CALPHAD, 2015, 50, p 68-81

4 Al-Yb (Aluminum-Ytterbium)

The review of the Al-Yb system done by [1989Gsc] was accepted by [1990Mas]. The assessed phase diagram was drawn based on experimental phase boundary data reported by [1971Kul] and [1972Pal]. Figure 2 shows the Al-Yb phase diagram obtained by thermodynamic modeling by [2008Men]. The phase diagram agreed with [1989Gsc] excellently.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Al-Yb phase diagram [2008Men]

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[1990Kom] observed approximately 0.2 at.% solubility of Yb in (Al) at the eutectic temperature on the Al side. This is too small to be shown on Fig. 2.

5 References

  • 1971Kul: V.K. Kulifeev, G.P. Stanolevich, and V.G. Kuzlow, Phase Diagram of the Aluminum-Ytterbium System, Izv. V.U.Z. Tsvetn. Metall., 1971, (4), p 108 in Russian

  • 1972Pal: Palenzona A., The Ytterbium Aluminum System, J. Less-Common Met., Vol. 29, 1972, p 289-292

  • 1989Gsc: K.A. Gschneidner, Jr. and F.W. Calderwood, The Al-Yb (Aluminum-Ytterbium) System, Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, 1989, 10(1), p 47-49

  • 1990Kom: V.L. Komonenko and S.V. Golubev, Phase Diagrams of Binary Systems of Aluminum with La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Yb, Sc and Y, Russ. Metall., Vol., 1990, p 193-195

  • 1990Mas: T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, and L. Kacprzak, ed., Al-Yb (Aluminum-Ytterbium), Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990, p 236, 238-239

  • 2008Men: F.G. Meng, L.G. Zhang, H.S. Liu, L.B. Liu, and Z.P. Jin, Thermodynamic Optimization of the Al-Yb Binary System, J. Alloys Compd., 2008, 452, p 279-282

6 As-Fe (Arsenic-Iron)

The As-Fe phase diagram in [1990Mas] was redrawn from [1991Oka], which reviewed the As-Fe system based on literature data published before 1986. Experimental data on the As2Fe liquidus were missing in this review, but they were published later by [1988Uga].

Thermodynamic modeling of this system was attempted by [1994Pei] and [2008Ohn]. The calculated phase diagram of [2008Ohn] (Fig. 3) is in good agreement with the experimental data reported by [1991Oka] and [1988Uga].

Fig. 3
figure 3

As-Fe phase diagram [2008Ohn]

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7 References

  • 1990Mas: T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, and L. Kacprzak, ed., As-Fe (Arsenic-Iron), Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990, p 279-282

  • 1991Oka: H. Okamoto, The As-Fe (Arsenic-Iron) System, J. Phase Equilib., 1991, 12(4), p 457-461

  • 1988Uga: Y.A. Ugai, Y.V. Bazhenov, E.G. Goncharov, and A.E. Popov, The p-T-x Equilibrium Diagram of the Iron-Arsenic System, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 1988, 33, p 1673-1676

  • 1994Pei: B. Pei, B. Björkman, B. Jansson, and B. Sundman, Thermodynamic Assessment of the Fe-As System Using an Ionic Two-sublattice Model for the Liquid Phase, Z. Metallkd., 1994, 85, p 171-177

  • 2008Ohn: M. Ohno and K. Yoh, Thermodynamic Modeling of the System As-Fe Combined with First-Principles Total Energy Calculations, J. Cryst. Growth, 2008, 310, p 2751-2759

8 B-Zr (Boron-Zirconium)

Th B-Zr phase diagram in [1990Mas] was based on [1970Por]. [1993Oka] updated the phase diagram by integrating information from phase diagrams of [1953Gra] and [1969Rud] as well. The B-Zr phase diagram of [1993Oka] was thermodynamically optimized by [2008Tok], as shown in Fig. 4. Temperature values for invariant reactions were read from the figure.

Fig. 4
figure 4

B-Zr phase diagram [2008Tok]

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9 Reference:

  • 1953Gra: F.W. Glaser and B. Post, System Zirconium-Boron, Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Pet. Eng., 1953, 197, p 1117-1118

  • 1969Rud: E. Rudy, Zr-B System, Ternary Phase Equilibria in Transition Metal-Boron-Carbon- Silicon Systems, Part V, Compendium of Phase Diagram Data, AFML-Tr-65-2, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 1969, p 200-201

  • 1970Por: K.I. Portnoi, V.M. Romashov, and L.N. Burobina, Constitution Diagram of the System Zirconium-Boron, Sov. Powder Metall. Met. Ceram., 1970, 9, p 577-580

  • 1990Mas: T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, and L. Kacprzak, ed., B-Zr (Boron-Zirconium), Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990, p 560-561

  • 1993Oka: H. Okamoto, B-Zr (Boron-Zirconium), J. Phase Equilib, 1993, 14(2), p 261-262

  • 2008Tok: T. Tokunaga, K. Terashima, H. Ohtani, and M. Hasebe, Thermodynamic Analysis of the Phase Equilibria in the Fe-Zr-B System, Mater. Trans., 2008, 49(11), p 2534-2540

10 Co-U (Cobalt-Uranium)

The Co-U system was reviewed by [1990Ish]. The assessed phase diagram was thermodynamically analyzed by [2008Wan]. The calculated phase diagram (Fig. 5) agrees with that of [1990Ish] mostly. However, in view of [1991Oka], the phase diagram of [2008Wan] shows more likely form with regard to the curvatures of liquidus boundaries of intermetallic compounds. On the other hand, [2008Wan] is less likely with regard to the solubility range of Co2U. This phase is shown to have a constant width below ~ 1100 °C. This phenomenon requires impossibly delicate balance in the temperature dependence of Gibbs energies with neighboring phases. This part of the phase diagram is questionable.

Fig. 5
figure 5

Co-U phase diagram [2008Wan]

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11 References

  • 1990Ish: K. Ishida and T. Nishizawa, Co-U (Cobalt-Uranium), Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, and L. Kacprzak, ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990, p 1253-1254

  • 1991Oka: H. Okamoto, and T.B. Massalski, Thermodynamically Improbable Phase Diagrams, J. Phase Equilibria, 1991, 12(2), p 148-168

  • 2008Wan: J. Wang, X.J. Liu, and C.P. Wang, Thermodynamic Modeling of the Al-U and Co-U Systems, J. Nucl. Mater., 2008, 374, p 79-86

12 Cu-Se (Copper-Selenium)

The Cu-Se system was reviewed by [1981Cha]. The assessed phase diagram was accepted by [1990Mas]. Since then, the miscibility gap of the liquid phase on the Cu-rich side was determined by [1990Gla]. Figure 6 shows the Cu-Se phase diagram thermodynamically analyzed by [2008Du]. [1995Coh] observed only two polymorphic forms for CuSe with the transition temperature at 50 °C. Confirmation is needed.

Fig. 6
figure 6

Cu-Se phase diagram [2008Du]

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13 References

  • 1981Cha: D.J. Chakrabarti and D.E. Laughlin, The Cu-Se (Copper-Selenium) System, Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, 1981, 2(3), p 305-315

  • 1990Gla: V.M. Glazov and S.G. Kim, Investigation of Phase Separation of Melts in the Cu-Se System by an Acoustic Method, Inorg. Mater., 1990, 26, p 2141-2143

  • 1990Mas: T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, and L. Kacprzak, ed., Cu-Se (Copper-Selenium), Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990, p 1475-1476

  • 1995Coh: K. Cohen, J. Rivet, and J. Dugué, Description of the Cu-As-Se Ternary System, J. Alloys Compd., 1995, 224, p 316-329

  • 2008Du: Z. Du, C. Guo, M. Tao, and C. Li, Thermodynamic Modeling of the Cu-Se System, Int. J. Mater. Res., 2008, 99, p 294-300

14 Cu-Th (Copper-Thorium)

The Cu-Th system was reviewed by [1986Cha]. The assessed phase diagram, primarily based on [1971Sch], was accepted by [1990Mas].

The Cu-Th phase diagram calculated by [2008Wan] (Fig. 7) was in excellent agreement with [1986Cha]. Cu51Th14 in Fig. 7 has been treated as Cu3.6Th in both [1986Cha] and [2008Wan]. Cu51Th14 is the correct configuration [1972Ber]. Because the compositions of Cu51Th14 and Cu3.6Th are very close (the difference is within line width in Fig. 7), the phase diagram has not been modified. However, Cu-Th crystal structure data have been updated in Table 2.

Fig. 7
figure 7

Cu-Th phase diagram

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Table 2 Cu-Th crystal structure data
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15 References

  • 1971Sch: R.J. Schiltz, Jr., E.R. Stevens, and O.N. Carlson, The Thorium-Copper System, J. Less-Common Met., 1971, 25, p 175-185

  • 1972Ber: B. Berlin, Formation of the Intermediate Phases of the System Thorium-Copper in Liquid Sodium, J. Less-Common Met., 1972, 29, p 337-348

  • 1986Cha: D.J. Chakrabarti and D.E. Laughlin, The Cu-Th (Copper-Thorium) System, Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, 1986, 7(1), p 36-43

  • 1990Mas: T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, and L. Kacprzak, ed., Cu-Th (Copper-Thorium), Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990, p 1492-1494

  • 2008Wan: C.P. Wang, Y.F. Li, X.J. Liu, and K. Ishida Thermodynamic Assessments of the Cu-Th and Mo-Th Systems, J. Alloys Compd., 2008, 458, p 208-213

16 La-Mo (Lanthanum-Molybdenum)

[1990Mas] introduced the La-Mo phase diagram predicted by [1980Bre]. [2008Wan] optimized this phase diagram by thermodynamic modeling. The result is shown in Fig. 8. The critical temperature of the miscibility gap is estimated to be about 200 °C lower than that of [1980Bre]. The difference must be compromised experimentally.

Fig. 8
figure 8

La-Mo phase diagram [2008Wan]

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17 References

  • 1980Bre: L. Brewer, Molybdenum: Physico-Chemical Properties of its Compounds and Alloys, O. Kubaschewski, ed.., Atomic Energy Review Special Issue No. 7, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1980

  • 1990Mas: T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, and L. Kacprzak, ed., La-Mo (Lanthanum-Molybdenum), Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990, p 2402-2404

  • 2008Wan: C.P. Wang, J. Wan, X.J. Liu, I. Ohnuma, R. Kainuma, and K. Ishida, Thermodynamic Assessment of the Co-La and Mo-La Systems, J. Alloys Compd., 2008, 453, p 174-179

18 Mg-Sn (Magnesium-Tin)

The Mg-Sn system was reviewed by [1984Nay]. The assessed phase diagram was accepted by [1990Mas].

Since then, this phase diagram has been analyzed repeatedly by [1986Jon], [1991Sri], [1999Mor], [2007Jun1, 2007Jun2], and [2010Kan]. The phase diagram of [2010Kan] (Fig. 9), which takes into account short-range ordering in the liquid phase in the thermodynamic model, appears to represent the experimental phase diagram most adequately.

Fig. 9
figure 9

Mg-Sn phase diagram [2010Kan]

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19 References

  • 1984Nay: A.A. Nayeb-Hashemi and J.B. Clark, The Mg-Sn (Magnesium-Tin) System, Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, 1984, 5(5), p 466-476

  • 1986Jon: B. Jönsson and J. Ågren, A Theoretical Evaluation of Chemical Ordering and Glass Transition in Liquid Mg-Sn Alloys, Metall. Trans. A, 1986, 17, p 607-615

  • 1990Mas: T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, and L. Kacprzak, ed., Mg-Sn (Magnesium-Tin), Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990, p 2549, 2551-2552

  • 1991Sri: Srikanth S., Estimation of Volumes of Mixing and Calculation of the Liquidus Curve from the Modified Associated Solution Model, Z. Metallkd., 1991, 82, p 841-845

  • 1999Mor: S. Morioka and M. Hasebe, Thermodynamic Constraints to Describe Gibbs Energies for Binary Alloys, J. Phase Equilib., 1999, 20, p 244-257

  • 2007Jun1: I.H. Jung, D.H. Kang, W.J. Park, N.J. Kim, and S.H. Ahn, Thermodynamic Modeling of the Mg-Si-Sn System, CALPHAD, 2007, 31 p 192-200

  • 2007Jun2: I.H. Jung, D.H. Kang, W.J. Park, N.J. Kim, and S.H. Ahn, Applications of Thermodynamic Calculations to Mg Alloy Design: Mg-Sn Based Alloy Development, Int. J. Mater. Res., 2007, 98, p 807-815

  • 2010Kan: Y.B. Kang and A.D. Pelton, Modeling Short-Range Ordering in Liquids: The Mg-Al-Sn System, CALPHAD, 2010, 34, p 180-188

20 Mo-Th (Molybdenum-Thorium)

[1982Chi] introduced the Mo-Th phase diagram determined by [1977Gar] ([1978Gar]). This phase diagram showed the liquidus for only ~ 40-100 at.% Th although the original literature showed the liquidus for the entire composition range. [1990Bre] presented a complete phase diagram based on [1977Gar] and thermodynamic modeling.

This phase diagram was analyzed again by [2008Wan]. In comparison with [1990Bre], the calculated phase diagram shown in Fig. 10 is in better agreement with [1977Gar].

Fig. 10
figure 10

Mo-Th phase diagram [2008Wan]

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Earlier, [1962Mcm] reported a Mo-Th phase diagram with the same topology as that shown in Fig. 10, but the (Mo) liquidus at 0 at.% Th was too steep in comparison with the slope expected from the van’t Hoff law.

21 References

  • 1962Mcm: O.D. McMasters, P.E. Palmer, and W.L. Larsen, Thorium-Molybdenum Phase Diagram, J. Nucl. Mater., 1962, 7, p 151-156

  • 1977Gar: S.P. Garg and R.J. Ackermann, The High Temperature Phase Diagrams for Th-Mo, Th-Re, U-Mo, and U-Re; Derived Thermodynamic Properties of Refractory Metal Solutes in Liquid Thorium and Uranium, J. Nucl. Mater., 1977, 64, p 265-274

  • 1978Gar: S.P. Garg and R.J. Ackermann, New Techniques for Determination of High Temperature Phase Diagrams, Trans. Indian Inst. Met., 1978, 31, p 285-288

  • 1982Chi: P. Chiotti, V.V. Akhachinskij, I. Ansara, and M.H. Rand, The Mo-Th (Molybdenum-Thorium) System, Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, 1982, 3(1), p 100-101

  • 1990Bre: L. Brewer and R.H. Lamoreaux, Mo-Th (Molybdenum-Thorium), Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, and L. Kacprzak, ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990, p 2675, 2677

  • 2008Wan: C.P. Wang, Y.F. Li, X.J. Liu, and K. Ishida Thermodynamic Assessments of the Cu-Th and Mo-Th Systems, J. Alloys Compd., 2008, 458, p 208-213

22 Sn-Ta (Tin-Tantalum)

[2003Oka] introduced the Ta-Sn phase diagram proposed by [2002Stu]. Ta3Sn and Ta2Sn3 existed in this phase diagram. The latter phase was shown to form by a peritectic reaction at 595 °C according to [1971Bas]. The phase diagram was drawn up to 1400 °C, and the melting behavior of Ta3Sn was unknown.

Figure 11 shows the Ta-Sn phase diagram predicted by [2017Mar] based on first-principles calculations. Ta2Sn3 in [2002Stu] was replaced by TaSn2. The crystal structure data (CuMg2 type: Table 3) supports this change. The phase diagram may need fine adjustment due to lack of supporting experimental phase boundary data.

Fig. 11
figure 11

Ta-Sn phase diagram [2017Mar]

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Table 3 Ta - Sn crystal structure data
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23 References

  • 1971Bas: F. Basile, Crystallographic Study and Superconductive Properties of V3Sn and Ta2Sn3 Compounds, Ann. Chim. (Paris), 1971, 6(3-4), p 241-244 in French

  • 2002Stu: T. Studnitzky and R. Schmid Fetzer, Phase Formation and Reaction Kinetics in M-Sn Systems (M= Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Mo), Z. Metallkd., 2002, 93, p 894-903

  • 2003Oka: H. Okamoto, Sn-Ta (Tin-Tantalum), J. Phase Equilib., 2003, 24(5), p 484

  • 2017Mar: C. Marker, S. Shang, X.L. Liu, G. Lindwall, and Z.K. Liu, First-principles Calculations and Thermodynamic Modeling of the Sn-Ta System, CALPHAD, 2017, 57, p 46-54

24 Te-Ti (Tellurium-Titanium)

[1996Oka] introduced the Te-Ti phase diagram reported by [1994Cor]. The following intermediate phases existed: Te2Ti, Te8Ti5, Te3Ti2, Te4Ti3 (dimorphic), and Te4Ti5 (dimorphic). Reactions among these phases and terminal phases were mostly unknown or speculative.

Figure 12 shows the Te-Ti phase diagram obtained by [2008Phi] based on thermodynamic data and modeling. Te8Ti5 was not found. Confirmation of the phase diagram based on phase boundary data is needed.

Fig. 12
figure 12

Te-Ti phase diagram [2008Phi]

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Table 4 shows Te-Ti crystal structure data.

Table 4 Te-Ti crystal structure data
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References

  • 1994Cor: H. Cordes and R. Schmid Fetzer, Phase Equilibria in the Ti-Te System, J. Alloys Compd., 1994, 216, p 197-206

  • 1996Oka: H. Okamoto, Te-Ti (Tellurium-Titanium), J. Phase Equilib., 1996, 17(4), p 373

  • 2008Phi: F. Philipp, P. Schmidta, E. Milke, M. Binnewies, and S. Hoffmann, Synthesis of the Titanium Phosphide Telluride Ti2PTe2: A Thermochemical Approach, J. Solid State Chem., 2008,181, p 758-767