Introduction

Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2 nd edition, a comprehensive collection of alloy phase diagrams for 2159 binary systems, was published in 1990 (T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, and L. Kacprzak., ASM International, Materials Park, OH [Massalski2]). This review intends to provide more recent information on the binary phase diagrams for the Au-Ce, B-Pr, Bi-Gd, Bi-Ho, Cd-Sr, Ga-Ti, Gd-Pb, Gd-Ti, Mg-Mn, Mn-Nd, Nd-Ni, and Ni-Ti systems that have become available after 1990. The criteria for selecting such information for inclusion in this review are (1) systems for which no phase diagram was given in [Massalski2], (2) complete diagrams that are substantially different from the earlier version, and (3) partial diagrams that alter or clarify the earlier version. Thermodynamic consistency of the new phase diagrams was checked based on phase rules and the diagrams were modified if necessary. However, each updated phase diagram has not gone through the ordinary evaluation process. Accordingly, a newer phase diagram is not always a better diagram, especially when there is too little published data on a system. For convenience, reaction tables and crystal structure data have been added when new information was available.

Au-Ce (Gold-Cerium)

The Au-Ce phase diagram in [1990Mas] was redrawn from [1987Gsc]. This phase diagram was thermodynamically analyzed by [2013Don]. The result is shown in Fig. 1. The Au4Ce3 phase was added by [2013Don] by referring to the work of [2001Bou]. However, no information is found on this phase in [2001Bou]. Crystal structure data are not found either in [2007Vil] database. Therefore, this phase is tentatively shown with a dashed line in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Au-Ce phase diagram [2013Don]

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References

  1. 1987Gsc:

    K.A. Gschneidner, Jr., F.W. Calderwood, H. Okamoto, and T.B. Massalski, The Au-Ce (Gold-Cerium) System, Phase Diagrams of Binary Gold Alloys, H. Okamoto and T.B. Massalski, ed, Metals Park, OH, 1987, p 57-60

  2. 1990Mas:

    T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, and L. Kacprzak, ed., Au-Ce (Gold-Cerium), Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990, p 352-353

  3. 2001Bou:

    P. Boulet, D. Mazzone, H. Noël, P. Rogl, and R. Ferro, Phase Equilibria and Magnetic Studies in the Ternary System Ce-Au-Sn, J. Alloys Compd., 2001, 317-318, p 350-356

  4. 2007Vil:

    P. Villars and K. Cenzual, Pearson’s Crystal Data CD-ROM, Release 2007/8, ASM International, OH, 2007

  5. 2013Don:

    H.Q. Dong, X.M. Tao, T. Laurila, V. Vuorinen, and M. Paulasto-Kröckel, Thermodynamic Modeling of Au-Ce-Sn Ternary System, Calphad, 2013, 42, p 38-50

B-Pr (Boron-Praseodymium)

The B-Pr system was reviewed by [1990Lia]. Three intermediate phases, B6Pr (13.5-15 at.% Pr), B4Pr (20 at.% Pr), and B x Pr (28 at.% Pr) were shown in the assessed phase diagram. This system was thermodynamically analyzed by [2013Wan]. Figure 2 shows the B-Pr phase diagram mostly based on [2013Wan]. According to the phase diagram shown by [2013Wan], the B6Pr phase has a constant solubility range from 10 to 14.3 at.% Pr below 2027.2 °C. This feature is very unlikely. In the table showing the calculated result, [2013Wan] indicates that the composition of B6Pr is the stoichiometric composition of 14.3 at.% Pr. No experimental data are available with regard to the solubility range of this phase.

Fig. 2
figure 2

B-Pr phase diagram

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B x Pr in [1990Lia] was found later to be B5Pr2 [2003Kuz]. B-Pr crystal structure data are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1 B-Pr crystal structure data
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References

  1. 1990Lia:

    P.K. Liao and K.E. Spear, B-Pr (Boron-Praseodymium), Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, and L. Kacprzak, ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990, p 519, 521-522

  2. 2003Kuz:

    Y.B. Kuz’ma, V.S. Babizhetskii, R. Guérin, and S.I. Mikhalenko, Crystal Structure of Pr2B5 Boride, Kristallografiya, 2003, 48, p 619-623 [in Russian]

  3. 2013Wan:

    C.P. Wang, Y. Shi, D. Wang, Y. Lu, D.L. Zhao, and X.J. Liu, Thermodynamic Assessment of the B-Ce and B-Pr Systems, Calphad, 2013, 41, p 150-155

Bi-Gd (Bismuth-Gadolinium)

The Bi-Gd phase diagram in [1990Mas] was adopted from [1989Gsc], which was primarily based on the work of [1967Gam].

This phase diagram was modified by [1993Abu], as a new phase Bi2Gd was discovered. [2013Wan] carried out thermodynamic assessment of this system and obtained a phase diagram shown in Fig. 3. The stability of Bi2Gd must be confirmed because [1993Abu] could not obtain this phase in a homogeneous form and could not determine its crystal structure, as already reviewed by [1994Oka].

Fig. 3
figure 3

Bi-Gd phase diagram [20013Wan]

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References

  1. 1967Gam:

    R.J. Gambino, Rare-Earth-Sb and -Bi Compounds with the Gd4Bi3 (anti-Th3P4) Structure, J. Less-Common Met., 1967, 12, p 344-352

  2. 1989Gsc:

    K.A. Gschneidner Jr. and F.W. Calderwood, The Bi-Gd (Bismuth-Gadolinium) System, Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, 1989, 10(4a), 436-438

  3. 1990Mas:

    T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, and L. Kacprzak, ed., Bi-Gd (Bismuth-Gadolinium), Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990, p 738, 740

  4. 1993Abu:

    V.D. Abulkhaev, Gd-Bi Phase Diagram, Russ. Metall., 1993, (1), p 152-155

  5. 1994Oka:

    H. Okamoto, “Comment on Bi-Gd (Bismuth-Gadolinium),” J. Phase Equilib., 1994, 15(6), p 650-651

  6. 2013Wan:

    J. Wang, C. Li, C. Guo, Z. Du, and B. Wu, Thermodynamic Assessment of the Gd-Bi and Ho-Bi Systems, Calphad, 2013, 41, p 1-5

Bi-Ho (Bismuth-Holmium)

The original form of the Bi-Ho phase diagram in [1990Mas] was proposed by [1975Yos]. The existence of BiHo and Bi3Ho5+x was known, but the liquidus boundaries were speculative. [1994Abu] determined the Bi-Ho phase diagram based on DTA data, and [1994Oka] modified it into a more plausible form. Figure 4 shows the Bi-Ho phase diagram determined by thermodynamic analysis by [2013Wan]. The calculated result is in good agreement with [1994Oka].

Fig. 4
figure 4

Bi-Ho phase diagram [2013Wan]

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References

  1. 1975Yos:

    K. Yoshihara, J.B. Taylor, L.D. Calvert, and J.G. Despault, Rare-Earth Bismuthides, J. Less-Common Met., 1975, 41(2), p 329-337

  2. 1990Mas:

    T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, and L. Kacprzak, ed., Bi-Ho (Bismuth-Holmium), Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990, p 744, 746

  3. 1993Abu:

    V.D. Abulkhaev, The Ho-Bi Phase Diagram, Russ. Metall., 1993, (2), p 169-172

  4. 1994Oka:

    H. Okamoto, Comment on Bi-Ho (Bismuth-Holmium), J. Phase Equilib., 1994, 15(6), p 651-652

  5. 2013Wan:

    J. Wang, C. Li, C. Guo, Z. Du, and B. Wu, Thermodynamic Assessment of the Gd-Bi and Ho-Bi Systems, Calphad, 2013, 41, p 1-5

Cd-Sr (Cadmium-Strontium)

The Cd-Sr phase diagram in [1990Mas] was based on [1965Kos] with Cd3Sr5 modified from CdSr2 according to [1978Bru].

Figure 5 shows the Cd-Sr phase diagram thermodynamically assessed by [2013Zha]. Cd9Sr2 in [1990Mas] has been changed to Cd58Sr13 according to [1972Bru].

Fig. 5
figure 5

Cd-Sr phase diagram [2013Zha]

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Cd-Sr crystal structure data shown in Table 2 have been updated according to [2007Vil].

Table 2 Cd-Sr crystal structure data
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References

  1. 1965Kos:

    W. Köster and J. Meixner, Construction of the Systems of Europium with Silver, Cadmium, and Indium As Well As the Cadmium-Strontium System, Z. Metallkd., 1965, 56, p 695-703 [in German]

  2. 1972Bru:

    G. Bruzzone The Ca-Cd and Ba-Cd Systems, Gazz. Chim. Ital., 1972, 102, p 234-242 [in Italian]

  3. 1978Bru:

    G. Bruzzone, E. Franceschi, and F. Merlo, M5X3 Intermediate Phases Formed by Ca, Sr, and Ba, J. Less Common Met., 1978, 60(1), p 59-63

  4. 1990Mas:

    T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, and L. Kacprzak, ed., Cd-Sr (Cadmium-Strontium), Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990, p 1030-1031

  5. 2007Vil:

    P. Villars and K. Cenzual, Pearson’s Crystal Data CD-ROM, Release 2007/8, ASM International, OH, 2007

  6. 2013Zha:

    C. Zhang, K. Cheng, W. Wang, X. Li, B. Hu, S. Liu, and Y. Du, Thermodynamic Assessment of the Cd-X (X = Sr, Ti, B, V) Systems, Calphad, 2013, 42, p 6-12

Ga-Ti (Gallium-Titanium)

[2005Oka] compared two Ga-Ti phase diagrams reported by [2001Ant] and [2003Li]. The latter was preferred because problems in the diagram of [2001Ant] pointed out by [2002Oka] had been solved. Figure 6 shows the Ga-Ti phase diagram calculated by [2013Liu] using a more updated thermodynamic model. The diagram is in good agreement with [2003Li]. The only remarkable difference between [2003Li] and [2013Liu] is that the (βTi) shows a maximum melting point according to the calculation of [2003Li], whereas the diagram of [2003Liu] (Fig. 6) does not show such a peak. No conclusive experimental data are available.

Fig. 6
figure 6

Ga-Ti phase diagram [2013Liu]

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References

  1. 2001Ant:

    N.V. Antonova and L.A. Tretyachenko, Phase Diagram of the Ti-Ga System, J. Alloys Compd., 2001, 317-318, p 398-405

  2. 2002Oka:

    H. Okamoto, Ga-Ti (Gallium-Titanium), J. Phase Equilib., 2002, 23(5), p 457-458

  3. 2003Li:

    J.B. Li, J.C. Tedenac, M.C. Record, Thermodynamic Analysis of the Ga-Ti System, J. Alloys Compd., 2003, 358, p 133-141

  4. 2005Oka:

    H. Okamoto, Ga-Ti (Gallium-Titanium), J. Phase Equilib. Diffus., 2005, 26(4), p 398

  5. 2013Liu:

    Y. Liu, J.C. Tedenac, X.P. Su, C. Colinet, and J.H. Wang, An Updated Thermodynamic Modeling of the Ga-Ti System, Calphad, 2013, 41, p 140-149

Gd-Pb (Gadolinium-Lead)

The Gd-Pb phase diagram in [1990Mas] was adopted from [1991Pal]. [2013Cui] optimized the phase boundary data using a random solution model and an associate model for the liquid phase. They discovered that the phase diagram calculated with the associate model fits better with the experimental data of [1991Pal]. Figure 7 shows the calculated phase diagram.

Fig. 7
figure 7

Gd-Pb phase diagram [2013Cui]

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References

  1. 1990Mas:

    T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, and L. Kacprzak, ed., Gd-Pb (Gadolinium-Lead), Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990, p 1906-1907

  2. 1991Pal:

    A. Palenzona and S. Cirafici, The Gd-Pb (Gadolinium-Lead) System, J. Phase Equilib., 1991, 12(6), p 686-690

  3. 2013Cui:

    J. Cui, C. Guo, C. Li, and Z. Du, Thermodynamic Optimization of the Gd-Pb System Using Random Solution and Associate Models, Calphad, 2013, 42, p 1-5

Gd-Ti (Gadolinium-Titanium)

The Gd-Ti phase diagram in [1990Mas] was accepted from [1987Mur]. The assessed phase diagram was monotectic type based on thermodynamic consideration although [1961Cro] and [1962Sav] reported eutectic type phase diagrams.

The monotectic type Gd-Ti phase diagram was supported by [2010Sch], but [2012Oka] questioned the form of the miscibility gap as it is displaced far to the Ti rich side and noticed significant mismatch between [1987Mur] and [2010Sch].

In order to clarify these problems, [2013Mat] studied this system experimentally by combining electrostatic levitation of the melt with high energy synchrotron in situ x-ray diffraction at elevated temperatures. Figure 8 shows the Gd-Ti phase diagram obtained by thermodynamic calculation based on the experimental results. The critical temperature of the miscibility gap turned out to be much higher than that reported in earlier reports, i.e., 1515 °C [1987Mur] or ~1600 °C [2010Sch].

Fig. 8
figure 8

Gd-Ti phase diagram [2013Mat]

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References

  1. 1961Cro:

    J.G. Croeni, S.C. Rhoads, C.E. Armantrout, and H. Kato, Titanium-Gadolinium Phase Diagram, U.S. Bur. Mines, Rep. Invest. 5796, 1961, 14 p

  2. 1962Sav:

    E.M. Savitskii and G.S. Burkhanov, Equilibrium Diagram of the Gadolinium-Titanium System, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 1962, 7, p 358-359

  3. 1987Mur:

    J.L. Murray, The Gd-Ti (Gadolinium-Titanium) System. Phase Diagrams of Binary Titanium Alloys, J.L. Murray, ed., ASM International, Metals Park, OH, 1987, p 225-228

  4. 1990Mas:

    T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, and L. Kacprzak, ed., Gd-Ti (Gadolinium-Titanium), Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990, p 1935, 1937

  5. 2010Sch:

    S. Schmitz, H.G. Lindenkreuz, N. Mattern, W. Loser, B. Buchner, Liquid Phase Separation in Gd-Ti and Gd-Zr Melts, Intermetallics, 2010, 18, p 1941-1945

  6. 2012Oka:

    H. Okamoto, Gd-Ti (Gadolinium-Titanium), J. Phase Equilib. Diffus., 2012, 33(5), p 422

  7. 2013Mat:

    N. Mattern, J.H. Han, O. Fabrichnaya, M. Zinkevich, W. Löser, J. Werner, R. Nowak, I. Kaban, O. Shuleshova, D. Holland-Moritz, J. Bednarĉik, N. Sobczak, and J. Eckert, Experimental and Thermodynamic Assessment of the Gd-Ti System, Calphad, 2013, 42, p 19-26

Mg-Mn (Magnesium-Manganese)

[2012Oka] introduced the Mg-Mn phase diagram reported by [2005Gro]. This phase diagram showed the miscibility gap of the liquid phase below 1400 °C. [2013Gho] re-optimized the data of [2005Gro] and calculated the miscibility gap up to the critical temperature. The result is shown in Fig. 9.

Fig. 9
figure 9

Mg-Mn phase diagram [2013Gho]

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References

  1. 2005Gro:

    J. Gröbner, D. Mirkovic, M. Ohno, R. Schmid-Fetzer, Experimental Investigation and Thermodynamic Calculation of Binary Mg-Mn Phase Equilibria, J. Phase Equilib. Diffus., 2005, 26(3), p 234-239

  2. 2012Oka:

    H. Okamoto, Mg-Mn (Magnesium-Manganese), J. Phase Equilib. Diffus., 2012, 33(6), 496

  3. 2013Gho:

    P. Ghosh and M. Medraj, Thermodynamic Calculation of the Mg-Mn-Zn and Mg-Mn-Ce Systems and Re-optimization of Their Constitutive Binaries, Calphad, 2013, 41, p 89-107

Mn-Nd (Manganese-Neodymium)

[2013Oka] introduced an updated phase diagram for the Mn-Nd system reported by [2012Kim]. This phase diagram is revised in Fig. 10, as [2013Mos] confirmed the existence of a new phase Mn17Nd2 using EPMA and XRD.

Fig. 10
figure 10

Mn-Nd phase diagram [2013Mos]

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Mn-Nd crystal structure data are summarized in Table 3.

Table 3 Mn-Nd crystal structure data
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References

  1. 2012Kim:

    J. Kim and I.H. Jung, Critical Systematic Evaluation and Thermodynamic Optimization of the Mn-RE System: RE = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, and Sm, J. Alloys Compd., 2012, 552, p 191-202

  2. 2013Mos:

    A.O. Mostafa, A.E. Gheribi, D. Kevorkov, Md. Mezbahul-Islam, and M. Medraj, Experimental Investigation and First-Principle Calculations Coupled with Thermodynamic Modeling of the Mn-Nd Phase Diagram, Calphad, 2013, 42, p 27-37

  3. 2013Oka:

    H. Okamoto, Supplemental Literature Review of Binary Phase Diagrams: Cd-Se, Cu-Hg, Cu-Ho, Eu-Mg, H-Sr, Hf-Si, La-Mn, Mn-Nd, Nb-Y, Ni-Y, Pb-Se, and Sc-Sr, J. Phase Equilib. Diffus., 2013, 34(5), p 430-436

Nd-Ni (Neodymium-Nickel)

According to the latest update on the Nd-Ni system by [2006Oka], invariant reaction temperatures in the Nd-Ni phase diagram reported by [2005Hua] are generally higher (~50 °C) than those reported by [1996Du]. [2013Hus] examined these two reports and derived a thermodynamic model more consistent with experimental thermodynamic data. The calculated phase diagram shown in Fig. 11 is generally consistent with [2005Hua].

Fig. 11
figure 11

Nd-Ni phase diagram [2013Hus]

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The dimorphic transformation of Nd2Ni7 at 1171 °C in Fig. 11 has been added based on the thermal effect observed by [2005Hua].

References

  1. 1996Du:

    Y. Du and N. Clavaguera, Thermodynamic Calculation of the Nd-Ni System, Calphad, 1996, 20(3), p 289-296

  2. 2005Hua:

    M. Huang, R.W. McCallum, and T.A. Lograsso, Experimental Investigation and Thermodynamic Modeling of the Nd-Ni System, J. Alloys Compd., 2005, 398, p 127-132

  3. 2006Oka:

    H. Okamoto, Nd-Ni (Neodymium-Nickel), J. Phase Equilib. Diffus., 2006, 27(5), p 562

  4. 2013Hus:

    A. Hussain, M.A. Van Ende, J. Kim, and I.H. Jung, Critical Thermodynamic Evaluation of the Co-Nd, Cu-Nd, and Nd-Ni Systems, Calphad, 2013, 41, p 26-41

Ni-Ti (Nickel-Titanium)

The Ni-Ti phase diagram in [1990Mas] was adopted from [1987Mur]. The high-temperature NiTi phase was shown to decompose into Ni3Ti and Ni2Ti at ~630 °C by a eutectoid reaction. However, the existence of a martensitic form of NiTi at room temperature was reported by [1981Mic] and confirmed by other investigators [2007Vil]. Figure 12 shows the Ni-Ti phase diagram calculated by [2013Pov] including the low-temperature phase. A similar phase diagram was reported by [1999Tan]. The β/α transition temperature of NiTi estimated by [1999Tan] was 93 °C. [1987Mur] viewed the αNiTi phase as metastable.

Fig. 12
figure 12

Ni-Ti phase diagram [2013Pov]

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Table 4 shows Ni-Ti crystal structure data.

Table 4 Ni-Ti crystal structure data
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References

  1. 1981Mic:

    G.M. Michal and R. Sinclair, The Structure of TiNi Martensite, Acta Crystallogr. B, 1981, 37, p 1803-1807

  2. 1987Mur:

    J.L. Murray, The Ni-Ti (Nickel-Titanium) System, Phase Diagrams of Binary Titanium Alloys, J.L. Murray, ed., ASM International, Metals Park, OH, 1987, p 197-211

  3. 1990Mas:

    T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, and L. Kacprzak, ed., Ni-Ti (Nickel-Titanium), Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990, p 2874-2876

  4. 1999Tan:

    W. Tang, B. Sundman, R. Sandström, and C. Qiu, New Modeling of the B2 Phase and its Associated Martensitic Transformation in the Ti-Ni System, Acta Mater., 1999, 47(12), p 3457-3468

  5. 2007Vil:

    P. Villars and K. Cenzual, Pearson’s Crystal Data CD-ROM, Release 2007/8, ASM International, OH, 2007

  6. 2013Pov:

    E. Povoden-Karadeniz, D.C. Cirstea, P. Lang, T. Wojcik, and E. Kozeschnik Thermodynamics of Ti-Ni Shape Memory Alloys, Calphad, 2013, 41, p 128-139