Abstract
High-purity copper (6 or 7 N) was melted and solidified unidirectionally in the atmosphere of a H2-Ar gas mixture for the purpose of studying the mechanism of pore nucleation in solidifying metal. Hydrogen content in the melt was controlled by changing the partial pressure in the atmosphere. Pores were formed when the hydrogen partial pressure in the atmosphere was 0.3 atm or more. Oxides of aluminum and silicon were observed at the bottom of the pores and the pores were nucleated heterogeneously. Water vapor with a very low partial pressure existed in the furnace atmosphere, and the melt must have contained a small amount of oxygen in equilibrium with this water vapor. The solid/liquid (S/L) interface was planar and convection was eliminated. The redistribution of the solute during solidification can, therefore, be estimated. The concentration of oxygen in the liquid at the S/L interface is estimated to be much larger than its initial concentration, due to the very small equilibrium distribution coefficient of oxygen in copper, and aluminum and silicon were oxidized even though their concentrations were very low. The probability of homogeneous nucleation by α particles was very small in these experiments.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
J.C. Fisher: J. Appl. Phys., 1948, vol. 19, pp. 1062–67.
S. Takagi: J. Appl. Phys., 1953, vol. 24, pp. 1453–62.
J. Campbell: The Solidification of Metals, ISI Publication No. 110, ISI, London, 1968, pp. 18–26.
S.G. Bankoff: Trans. ASME, 1957, vol. 79, pp. 735–40.
A.V. Bradshaw: Le Vide, 1967, vol. 23, pp. 376–415.
J.P. Neumann, T. Zhong, and Y.A. Chang: Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, 1984, vol. 5, pp. 136–40.
Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed, T.B. Massalski, ed., ASM INTERNATIONAL, Materials Park, OH, 1990, vol. 2, p. 1438.
M.B. Bever and C.F. Floe: Trans. AIME, 1946, vol. 166, pp. 128–41.
S. Nakano and M. Ohtani: J. Jpn. Inst. Met., 1970, vol. 34, pp. 562–67.
W.A. Tiller, K.A. Jackson, J.W. Rutter, and B. Chalmers: Acta Metall., 1953, vol. 1, pp. 428–37.
A.J. Phillips: Trans. AIME, 1947, vol. 17, pp. 17–46.
Landolt-Boernstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, vol. 4, Physical and Chemical Properties of Air, [G. Fisher, ed.,] Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1988.
M.A. Chase: JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3rd ed., American Institute of Physics, Inc., New York, NY, 1986.
J.P. Neumann, T. Zhong, and Y.A. Chang: Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, 1984, vol. 5, pp. 136–40.
J. Xue and R. Diekmann: High Temp. High Pressure, 1992, vol. 24, pp. 271–84.
T.C. Wilder: Trans. AIME, 1965, vol. 233, pp. 1202–08.
Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., T.B. Massalski, ed., ASM INTERNATIONAL, Materials Park, OH, 1990, vol. 1, pp. 141–42.
G. Riekert, P. Lamparter, and S. Steeb: Z. Naturforsch., 1981, vol. 36a, pp. 447–53.
Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., T.B. Massalski, ed., ASM INTERNATIONAL, Materials Park, OH, 1990, vol. 1, pp. 1477–79.
Table of Isotopes, 8th ed., R.B. Firstone, ed., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 1996, vol. II.
P. Sigrist, H.K. Feichtinger, and B. Marincek: Z. Phys. Chem.-Frankfurt, 1977, vol. 107 (2), pp. 211–18 (new series).
B.G. Cartwright, E.K. Shirk, and P.B. Price: Nucl. Instrum Methods, 1978, vol. 153, pp. 457–60.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kato, E. Pore nucleation in solidifying high-purity copper. Metall Mater Trans A 30, 2449–2453 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-999-0253-z
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-999-0253-z