Abstract
Correlation of rolling conditions, microstructure, and low-temperature toughness of high-toughness X70 pipeline steels was investigated in this study. Twelve kinds of steel specimens were fabricated by vacuum-induction melting and hot rolling, and their microstructures were varied by rolling conditions. Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact test and drop-weight tear test (DWTT) were conducted on the rolled steel specimens in order to analyze low-temperature fracture properties. Charpy impact test results indicated that the energy transition temperature (ETT) was below −100 °C when the finish cooling temperature range was 350 °C to 500 °C, showing excellent low-temperature toughness. The ETT increased because of the formation of bainitic ferrite and martensite at low finish cooling temperatures and because of the increase in effective grain size due to the formation of coarse ferrites at high finish cooling temperatures. Most of the specimens also showed excellent DWTT properties as the percent shear area well exceeded 85 pct, irrespective of finish rolling temperatures or finish cooling temperatures, although a large amount of inverse fracture occurred at some finish cooling temperatures.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
R. Denys: Pipeline Technology, Elsevier, Brugge, Belgium, 2000, vols. I–II.
J.E. Hood: Int. J. Pres. Ves. Piping, 1974, vol. 2, pp. 165–78.
J.Y. Koo, M.J. Luton, N.V. Bangaru, R.A. Petkovic, D.P. Fairchild, C.W. Petersen, H. Asahi, T. Hara, Y. Terada, M. Sugiyama, H. Tamehiro, Y. Komizo, S. Okaguchi, M. Hamada, A. Yamamoto, and I. Takeuchi: ISOPE Symp. High-Performance Materials in Offshore Industry, Honolulu, HI, 2003, pp. 10–18.
M. Matsuda and H. Miura: Met. Mater. Int., 2003, vol. 9, pp. 537–42.
K.T. Corbett, R.R. Bowen, and C.W. Petersen: ISOPE Symp. High-Performance Materials in Offshore Industry, Honolulu, HI, 2003, pp. 105–12.
H.N. Han, C.-S. Oh, D.W. Suh, C.G. Lee, T.-H. Lee, and S.-J. Kim: Met. Mater. Int., 2004, vol. 10, pp. 221–29.
G. Mannucci, and D. Harris: “Fracture Properties of API X100 Gas Pipeline Steels”, Final Report, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium, 2002, pp. 1–128.
G.M. McClure, A.R. Duffy, and R.J. Eiber: J. Eng. Industry, 1965, vol. 4, pp. 265–78.
G.M. Wilkowski, W.A. Maxey, and R.J. Eiber: ASM Symp. on What Does Charpy Test Really Tell Us?, ASM, Metals Park, OH, 1978, pp. 201–25.
G.M. Wilkowski, W.A. Maxey, and R.J. Eiber: Can. Metall. Q., 1980, vol. 19, pp. 59–77.
API Recommended Practice 5L3, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, 1996.
D.J. Horsley: Eng. Fract. Mech., 2003, vol. 70, pp. 547–52.
R.J. Eiber, T.A. Bubenik, and W.A. Maxey: Fracture Control Technology For Natural Gas Pipelines, Pipeline Research Council International Inc., Arlington, VA, 1993.
ASTM Standard E23-02, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2002.
T.-H. Lee, C.-S. Oh, C.G. Lee, S.-J. Kim, and S. Takaki: Met. Mater. Int., 2004, vol. 10, pp. 231–36.
A.K. De, J.G. Speer, and D.K. Matlock: Adv. Mater. Process, 2003, vol. 161, pp. 27–30.
Atlas for Bainitic Microstructures, Iron Steel Inst. Jpn., Tokyo, 1992, vol. 1.
T. Hayashi, F. Kawabata, and K. Amano: Proc. Materials Solution ’97 on Accelerated Cooling/Direct Quenching of Steels, ASM INTERNATIONAL, Materials Park, OH, 1997, pp. 93–99.
G. Krauss and S.W. Thompson: Iron Steel Inst. Jpn. Int., 1995, vol. 35, pp. 937–45.
B.C. Kim, S. Lee, N.J. Kim, and D.Y. Lee: Metall. Trans. A, 1991, vol. 22A, pp. 139–49.
S. Kim, S. Lee, Y.-R. Im, H.-C. Lee, S.-J. Kim, and J.H. Hong: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2004, vol. 35A, pp. 2027–37.
I. Tamura, H. Sekine, T. Tanaka, and C. Ouchi: Thermomechanical Processing of High-strength Low-Alloy Steels, Butterworth & Co. Ltd., London, 1988.
G.E. Dieter: Mechanical Metallurgy, McGraw-Hill, London, 1988.
J.M. Hyzak and I.M. Bernstein: Metall. Trans. A, 1976, vol. 7A, pp. 1217–24.
N.J. Kim: J. Met., 1983, vol. 35, pp. 21–27.
N.J. Kim, A.J. Yang, and G. Thomas: Metall. Trans. A, 1985, vol. 16A, pp. 471–74.
Y.M. Kim, S.K. Kim, Y.J. Lim, and N.J. Kim: Iron Steel Inst. Jpn. Int., 2002, vol. 42, pp. 1571–77.
C.-S. Oh, H.N. Han, C.G. Lee, T.-H. Lee, and S.-J. Kim: Met. Mater. Int., 2004, vol. 10, pp. 399–406.
B. Hwang, S. Lee, Y.M. Kim, N.J. Kim, and S.S. Ahn: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2005, vol. 36A, pp. 725–39.
N. Iwasaki, T. Yamaguchi, and T. Taira: Mech. Work Steel Process, 1975, vol. 13, pp. 294–314.
H. Kashimura, M. Ogasawara, and H. Mimura: Met. Progr., 1976, Nov., pp. 58–62.
K. Seifert: Mater. Testing, 1984, vol. 26, pp. 277–80.
B. Hwang, S. Lee, Y.M. Kim, N.J. Kim, J.Y. Yoo, and C.S. Woo: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2004, vol. A368, pp. 18–27.
F. Rivalin, A. Pineau, M.D. Fant, and J. Besson: Eng. Fract. Mech., 2001, vol. 68, pp. 329–45.
P. Salvini, A. Fonze, and G. Mannucci: Eng. Fract. Mech., 2003, vol. 70, pp. 553–66.
M. Toyoda and R. Denys: Proc. Int. Pipe Dreamer’s Conf., Scientific Surveys, Ltd., Yokohama, Japan, 2002.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hwang, B., Kim, Y.M., Lee, S. et al. Correlation of rolling condition, microstructure, and low-temperature toughness of X70 pipeline steels. Metall Mater Trans A 36, 1793–1805 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-005-0043-1
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-005-0043-1