Abstract
To investigate the morphology and the growth kinetics of nitrided layers of Fe-Cr alloys, nitriding experiments were performed for alloys with 4.3, 7.7, 14.0, and 21.5 at. pct Cr. The precipitation morphology of the nitrided samples was investigated with light optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The elemental compositional variation was determined with electron probe microanalysis. To describe the evolution of the thickness of the nitrided layers, a numerical model was developed that has as important (fit) parameters: the surface nitrogen content, the solubility product of chromium and nitrogen dissolved in the ferrite matrix, and a parameter defining the composition of the precipitated chromium nitride. Fitting of the model to the experimental data demonstrated for the first time that mobile and immobile excess nitrogen is present in the nitrided layers and that the mobile excess nitrogen considerably influences the nitriding rate.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
E.J. Mittemeijer, ed.: Mater. Sci, Forum, 1992, vols. 102–104.
N.A. Wriedt, R.H. Gocken, and R.H. Nafziger: Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, 1987, vol. 8, p. 355.
E. Lehrer: Z. Lektrochem., 1930, vol. 36, p. 383.
E.J. Mittemeijer and J.T. Slycke: Surf. Eng., 1996, vol. 12, p. 152.
E.J. Mittemeijer and M.A.J. Somers: Surf. Eng., 1997, vol. 13, p. 483.
M.A.J. Somers and E.J. Mittemeijer: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1995, vol. 26A, pp. 57–74.
H. Du and J. Ågren: Z. Metallkd., 1995, vol. 8, p. 522.
H. Du, J. Ågren, H. Du, and J. Ågren: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1996, vol. A27, pp. 1073–80.
L. Torchane, P. Bilger, J. Dulcy, and M. Gantois: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1996, vol. 27A, pp. 1823–35.
K.H. Jack: Proc. Conf. on Heat Treatment, The Metals Society, London, 1975, p. 39.
B. Mortimer, P. Grieveson, and K.H. Jack: Scand. J. Metall., 1972, vol. 1, p. 203.
M.A.J. Somers, R.M. Lankreijer, and E.J. Mittemeijer: Phil. Mag., 1989, vol. 59, p. 353.
Y. Imai, M. Tsuyoshi, and M. Keikichi: Sci. Rep. Res. Tohoku, 1967, vol. A19, p. 35.
P.M. Hekker, H.C.F. Rozendaal, and E.J. Mittemeijer: J. Mater. Sci., 1985, vol. 20, p. 718.
Y. Imai, T. Masumoto, and K. Maeda: Sci. Rep. Res. Inst., Tohoku Univ. Ser. A—Phys., Chem. and Metall., 1967, vol. 19(1), p. 21.
K. Frisk: Metall. Trans. A, 1990, vol. 21A, pp. 2477–88.
D.B. Williams and E.P. Butler: Int. Met. Rev., 1981, vol. 26, p. 153.
V.G. Permyakov, A.V. Belotskii, and R.I. Barabash: Metallofizika, 1972, vol. 42, p. 102.
B.J. Lightfoot and D.H. Jack: Proc. Conference on Heat Treatment 1973, The Metals Society, London, 1975, pp. 59–65.
E.J. Mittemeijer, A.B.P. Vogels, and P.J. van der Schaaf: J. Mater. Sci., 1980, vol. 15, p. 3129.
P.C. van Wiggen, H.C.F. Rozendaal, and E.J. Mittemeijer: J. Mater. Sci., 1985, vol. 20, p. 4561.
N. Granito, H. Kuwahara, and T. Aizawa: J. Mater. Sci., 2002, vol. 37, p. 835.
R.E. Schacherl, P.C.J. Graat, and E.J. Mittemeijer: Z. Metallkd, 2002, vol. 93, p. 468.
J.L. Meijering: Advances in Material Research 5, Wiley Interscience, New York, NY, 1971, p. 1.
C. Alves, J. de Anchieta Rodrigues, and A. Eduardo Martinelli: Mater. Sci. Eng., 2000, vol. 279, p. 10.
M.H. Bigliari, C.M. Brakman, E.J. Mittemeijer, and S. van der Zwaag: Phil. Mag., 1995, vol. 72A, p. 931.
D.H. Jack: Acta Metall., 1976, vol. 24, p. 137.
H.H. Podgurski and F.N. Davis: Acta Metall., 1981, vol. 29, p. 1.
D.S. Rickerby, S. Henderson, A. Hendry, and K.H. Jack: Acta Metall., 1986, vol. 34, p. 1687.
M.M. Yang and A.D. Krawitz: Metall. Trans. A, 1984, vol. 15A, pp. 1545–54.
H.H. Podgurski, R.A. Oriani, and N.A. Davis: with Appendix by J.C.M. Li and Y.T. Chou: Trans. TMS-AIME, 1969, 245, p. 1603.
E.J. Mittemeijer, H.C.F. Rozendaal, P.F. Colijn, P.J. van der Schaaf, R.T. Furnée: Proc. Conf. on Heat Treatment 1981, Birmingham, United Kingdom, 1981, The Metals Society, London, 1983, p. 107.
J. Crank: Mathematics of Diffusion, Clarendon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 1975, p. 137.
K. Bongartz, D.F. Lupton, and H. Schuster: Metall. Trans. A, 1980, vol. 11A, pp. 1983–93.
K. Bongartz, W.J. Quadakkers, R. Schulten, and H. Nickel: Metall. Trans. A, 1989, vol. 20A, pp. 1021–28.
Y. Sun and T. Bell: Mater. Sci. Eng., 1997, vol. 224A, p. 36.
M. Gouné, T. Belmonte, J.M. Fiorani, S. Chomer, and H. Michele: Thin Solid Films, 2000, vol. 377–378, p. 543.
JCPDS-International Centre for Diffraction Data: PCPDFWIN, 1999, Version 202.
J.L. Pouchou and F. Pichoir: Recherche Aérospatiale, 1984, vol. 3, pp. 167–92.
P. Zieba, R.E. Schacherl, and E.J. Mittemeijer: unpublished research.
J.D. Fast and M.B. Verrijp: J. Iron Steel Inst., 1954, vol. 126, p. 24.
H.C.F. Rozendaal, E.J. Mittemeijer, P.F. Colijn, and P.J. van der Schaaf: Metall. Trans. A, 1983, vol. 14A, pp. 395–99.
P.B. Friehling, F.W. Poulsen, and M.A.J. Somers: Z. Metallkd., 2001, vol. 92, p. 589.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schacherl, R.E., Graat, P.C.J. & Mittemeijer, E.J. The nitriding kinetics of iron-chromium alloys; the role of excess nitrogen: Experiments and modelling. Metall Mater Trans A 35, 3387–3398 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-004-0175-8
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-004-0175-8