Abstract
The influence of tempering-induced microstructural changes on the micromagnetic parameters such as magnetic Barkhausen emission (MBE), coercive force (H c), residual induction (B r), and maximum induction (B max) has been studied in 0.2 pct carbon steel, 2.25Cr-1Mo steel, and 9Cr-1Mo steel. It is observed that, after short tempering, the micromagnetic parameters show more or less linear correlation with hardness, which is attributed to the reduction in dislocation density, but long-term tempering produces nonlinear behavior. The variation in each of these parameters with tempering time has been explained based on the changes in the size and distribution of ferrite laths/grains and precipitates. It has been shown that the individual variation in the microstructural features such as size and distribution of laths/grains and precipitates during tempering can be clearly identified by the MBE parameters, which is not possible from the hysteresis loop parameters (H c and B r). It is also shown that the MBE parameters can not only be used to identify different stages of tempering but also to quantify the average size of laths/grains and second-phase precipitates.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
M.N. Mikheev and E.S. Gorkunov: Sov. J. NDT, 1981, vol. 17 (8), pp. 579–662.
E.S. Gorkunov: Sov. J. NDT, 4 (1991) 231–59.
S. Tiitto: Acta Polytechnica Scandinavica, Applied Physics Series No. 119, Helsinki, Finland, 1977, pp. 1–80.
G.A. Matzkanin, R.E. Beissner, and C.M. Teller: “The Barkhausen effect and its applications to Nondestructive evaluation,” Report No. NTIAC-79-2, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 1979, pp. 1–49.
F. Vitsena: Chekhosl. Fiz. Z., 5(4) (1955) 480–501.
G. Trauble and A. Zeger: Plastic Deformation of Single Crystals, Mir, Moscow, 1969, pp. 201–64.
T.D. Yensen and N.A. Ziegler: Trans. ASM, 23 (1935) 556–57.
W.E. Rieder: Trans. ASM, 22 (11)(1934) 1120–41.
M. Kersten: Z. Phy., 124 (1948) 714–42.
D.L. Dijkstra and C. Wert: Phy. Rev., 79 (6) (1950) 979–85.
J.B. Goodenough: Phys. Rev., 95(4) (1954) 917–32.
L. Neel: Cah. Phys., 25 (1944) 21–44.
S.V. Vonsovskii: Magnetism, Nauka, Moscow, 1971, pp. 835–52.
S.K. Ray and O.N. Mohanty: J. Magn. Mater., 78 (1989) 255–62.
V. Moorthy, S. Vaidyanathan, T. Jayakumar, and Baldev Raj: J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 1997, vol. 171, pp. 179–89.
V. Moorthy, S. Vaidyanathan, T. Jayakumar, and Baldev Raj: Phil. Mag. A, 77 (6) (1998) 1499–1514.
G.R. Speich: Trans. TMS-AIME, 245 (1969) 2553–64.
R.N. Caron and G. Krauss: Metall. Trans., 3 (1972) 2381–89.
R.C. Baker and J. Nutting: J. Iron Steel Inst., London, 7 (1959) 257–68.
P. Parameswaran, W. Vijayalakshmi, P. Shankar, and V.S. Raghunathan: J. Mater. Sci., 27 (1992) 5426–34.
J. Orr, F.R. Beckitt, A. Met, and G.D. Fawkes: Proc. Int. Conf. Ferritic Steels for Fast Reactors Steam Generators, S.F. Pugh and E.A. Little, eds., British Nuclear Energy Society, London, 1978, pp. 91–109.
S.J. Sanderson: Proc. Int. Conf. Ferritic Steels for Fast Reactors Steam Generators, S.F. Pugh and E.A. Little, eds., British Nuclear Energy Society, London, 1978, pp. 120–27.
S. Saroja, P. Parameswaran, M. Vijayalakshmi, and V.S. Raghunathan: Acta Metall., 43 (8) (1995) 2985–3000.
S. Saroja, M. Vijayalakshmi, and V.S. Raghunathan: Mater. Trans. JIM, 34 (10) (1993) 901–06.
C. Gatelier-Rothea, P. Fleishmann, J. Chicois, and F. Fourgeres: Nondestr. Testing Eval., 1992, No. 8–9, pp. 591–602.
R.S. Tebble and D.J. Craik: Magnetic Materials, Wiley Interscience, New York, NY, 1969, pp. 369–411.
B.D. Cullity: Introduction to Magnetic Materials, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1972, p. 292.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Moorthy, V., Vaidyanathan, S., Raj, B. et al. Insight into the microstructural characterization of ferritic steels using micromagnetic parameters. Metall Mater Trans A 31, 1053–1065 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-000-0101-7
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-000-0101-7