Zusammenfassung
Anhand vergleichender empirischer Analysen untersucht der Beitrag institutionelle und strukturelle Determinanten arbeitsmarktadäquater Bildungsabschlüsse. Auf der Basis statisticher Mehrebenenmodelle und Daten des Europäischen Labour Force Surveys der Jahre 1992–1997 für zwölf Länder der Europäischen Union zeigt der Beitrag, dass ein höheres Bildungsniveau und berufliche Spezialisierung dazu beitragen, Arbeitslosigkeit und geringqualifizierte Beschäftigung zu vermeiden. Im Vergleich variieren vor allem die Muster beruflicher Allokation zwischen beruflich strukturierten und flexiblen Übergangssystemen, im Hinblick auf die Arbeitslosigkeit weichen vor allem die südeuropäischen Länder vom allgemeinen Muster ab. Das duale Ausbildungssystem in der Bundesrepublik schneidet insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Vermeidung von Arbeitslosigkeit vortelhaft ab. Es zeigt sich aber auch, dass die Vorteile beruflicher Spezialisierung vor allem in den ersten Berufsjahren zum Tragen kommen, und sich im Zeitverlauf weitgehend nivellieren. Zudem zeigen die Analysen, dass der Arbeitsmarktwert des individuellen Bildungsabschlusses bei hohem Konkurrenzdruck und anhaltend hoher Arbeitslosigkeit steigt.
Summary
Returns to Education at Entry into the Labor Market: A European Comparison of the Economic Value of Education
Based on comparative empirical analyses, the paper discusses institutional and structural determinants of individual returns to education. The paper uses multilevel modeling and 1992–1997 data from the European Labour Force Survey for 12 European Union countries to show that both higher levels of education and vocational training tend to reduce risks of both unemployment and employment in low-skill occupations. Cross-nationally, occupational returns to education vary between stongly occupationcentered and more flexible transitional systems; the distribution of unemployment risks in Southern European labor markets provides an exception to the general model. The German dual system achieves particularly favorable outcomes in reducing unemployment risk. However, the results also show that the advantages of vocational training are most apparent in the first years on the job market, and tend to dissipate with increasing work experience. Further, the analysis indicates that individual returns to education rise in periods of high competitive pressure in the job market.
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Gangl, M. Bildung und Übergangsrisiken beim Einstieg in den Beruf. ZfE 6, 72–89 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11618-003-0005-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11618-003-0005-6