Abstract
Nanostructured semiconductors have been researched intensively for energy conversion and storage applications in recent decades. Despite of tremendous findings and achievements, the performance of the devices resulted from the nanomaterials in terms of energy conversion efficiency and storage capacity needs further improvement to become economically viable for subsequent commercialization. Hydrogenation is a simple, efficient, and cost-effective way for tailoring the electronic and morphological properties of the nanostructured materials. This work reviews a series of hydrogenated nanostructured materials was produced by the hydrogenation of a wide range of nanomaterials. These materials with improved inherent conductivity and changed characteristic lattice structure possess much enhanced performance for energy conversion application, e.g., photoelectrocatalytic production of hydrogen, and energy storage applications, e.g., lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. The hydrogenation mechanisms as well as resultant properties responsible for the efficiency improvement are explored in details. This work provides guidance for researchers to use the hydrogenation technology to design functional materials.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chen H, Cong TN, Yang W et al (2009) Progress in electrical energy storage system: a critical review. Prog Nat Sci 19:291–312
Winter CJ (2009) Hydrogen energy-abundant, efficient, clean: a debate over the energy-system-of-change. Int J Hydrog Energy 34:S1–S52
Benford G, Hoffert MI, Caldeira K et al (2002) Advanced technology paths to global climate stability: energy for a greenhouse planet. Science 298:981–987
Jacobson MZ (2008) Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy security. Energy Environ Sci 2:148–173
Barreto L, Makihira A, Riahi K (2003) The hydrogen economy in the 21st century: a sustainable development scenario. Int J Hydrog Energy 28:267–284
Garche J, Scrosati B (2010) Lithium batteries: status, prospects and future. J Power Sources 195:2419–2430
Ibrahim H, Ilinca A, Perron J (2008) Energy storage systems—characteristics and comparisons. Renew Sust Energy Rev 12:1221–1250
Cheng HM, Liu C, Li F, Ma LP (2010) Advanced materials for energy storage. Adv Mater 22:E28–E62
Boettcher SW, Walter MG, Warren EL et al (2010) Solar water splitting cells. Chem Rev 110:6446–6473
Wu C, Xie Y (2010) Promising vanadium oxide and hydroxide nanostructures: from energy storage to energy saving. Energy Environ Sci 3:1191–1206
Li S, Zhou H, Han B et al (2012) Hydrogenated mesoporous TiO2–SiO2 with increased moderate strong Brönsted acidic sites for Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction. Catal Sci Technol 2:719–721
Zhang LL, Zhao XS (2009) Carbon-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes. Chem Soc Rev 38:2520–2531
Pandolfo AG, Hollenkamp AF (2006) Carbon properties and their role in supercapacitors. J Power Sources 157:11–27
Çetin K, Zunger A (2002) n-Type doping of oxides by hydrogen. Appl Phys Lett 81:73–75
Wei W, Yaru N, Chunhua L et al (2012) Hydrogenation of TiO2 nanosheets with exposed 001 facets for enhanced photocatalytc activity. RSC Adv 2:8286–8288
Wang G, Ling Y, Li Y (2012) Oxygen-deficient metal oxide nanostructures for photoelectrochemical water oxidation and other applications. Nanoscale 4:6682–6691
Van de Walle CG, Neugebauer J (2006) Hydrogen in semiconductors. Annu Rev Mater Res 36:179–198
Chen X, Li C, Gratzel M et al (2012) Nanomaterials for renewable energy production and storage. Chem Soc Rev 41:7909–7937
Matsubara M, Amini MN, Saniz R et al (2012) Attracting shallow donors: hydrogen passivation in (Al, Ga, In)-doped ZnO. Phys Rev B 86:165207
Seager CH (1991) Hydrogenation methods. In: Pankove JI, Johnson NM (eds) Hydrogen in semiconductors: hydrogen in silicon, vol 34. Academic Press, New York, pp 17–31
Herklotz F, Lavrov EV, Weber J (2011) Infrared absorption of the hydrogen donor in rutile TiO2. Phys Rev B 83:235202
Van de Walle CG (2000) Hydrogen as a cause of doping in zinc oxide. Phys Rev 85:1012–1015
Strzhemechny YM, Mosbacker HL, Look DC et al (2004) Remote hydrogen plasma doping of single crystal ZnO. Appl Phys Lett 84:2545–2547
Sun CH, Jia Y, Yang XH et al (2011) Hydrogen incorporation and storage in well-defined nanocrystals of anatase titanium dioxide. J Phys Chem C 115:25590–25594
Shin JY, Joo JH, Samuelis D et al (2012) Oxygen-deficient TiO2−δ nanoparticles via hydrogen reduction for high rate capability lithium batteries. Chem Mater 24:543–551
Zhen C, Wang L, Liu L et al (2013) Nonstoichiometric rutile TiO2 photoelectrodes for improved photoelectrochemical water splitting. Chem Commun 49:6191–6193
Ateya BG, Khader MM, Kheiri FMN et al (1993) Mechanism of reduction of rutile with hydrogen. J Phys Chem 97:6074–6077
Herkoltz F (2011) Hydrogen-related defects in ZnO and TiO2. Dissertation, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden
Wardle MG, Goss JP, Briddon PR (2005) Theory of Fe Co, Ni, Cu, and their complexes with hydrogen in ZnO. Phys Rev B 72:155108
Yu M, Sun H, Sun X et al (2013) Hierarchical Al-doped and hydrogenated ZnO nanowire@MnO2 ultra-thin nanosheet core/shell arrays for high-performance supercapacitor electrode. Int J Electrochem Sci 8:2313–2329
Chen X, Liu L, Liu Z et al (2013) Properties of disorder-engineered black titanium dioxide nanoparticles through hydrogenation. Sci Rep 3:1510
Lokhande CD, Dubal DP, Joo OS (2011) Metal oxide thin film based supercapacitors. Curr Appl Phys 11:255–270
Williams JS (1998) Ion implantation of semiconductors. Mater Sci Eng A253:8–15
Gray EM, Webb CJ (2012) In-situ diffraction techniques for studying hydrogen storage materials under high hydrogen pressure. Int J Hydrog Energy 37:10182–10195
Kaufman HR (1990) Broad-beam industrial ion sources. Rev Sci Instrum 61:230–235
Singhal RK, Kumar S, Kumari P et al (2011) Evidence of defect-induced ferromagnetism and its “switch” action in pristine bulk TiO2. Appl Phys Lett 98:092510
Xia T, Zhang W, Murowchick JB et al (2013) A facile method to improve the photocatalytic and lithium-ion rechargeable battery performance of TiO2 nanocrystals. Adv Energy Mater 3:1516–1523
Chen X, Liu L, Yu PY et al (2011) Increasing solar absorption for photocatalysis with black hydrogenated titanium dioxide nanocrystals. Science 331:746–750
Naldoni A, Allieta M, Santangelo S et al (2012) Effect of nature and location of defects on bandgap narrowing in black TiO2 nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 134:7600–7603
Jiang X, Zhang Y, Jiang J et al (2012) Characterization of oxygen vacancy associates within hydrogenated TiO2: a positron annihilation study. J Phys Chem C 116:22619–22624
Liu G, Yin LC, Wang J et al (2012) A red anatase TiO2 photocatalyst for solar energy conversion. Energy Environ Sci 5:9603
Wang G, Ling Y, Wang H et al (2012) Hydrogen-treated WO3 nanoflakes show enhanced photostability. Energy Environ Sci 5:6180–6187
Xia T, Zhang W, Li W et al (2013) Hydrogenated surface disorder enhances lithium ion battery performance. Nano Energy 2:826–835
Chen XB, Liu L, Liu Z et al (2013) Properties of disorder-engineered black titanium dioxide nanoparticles through hydrogenation. Sci Rep 3:1510
Liu H, Ma HT, Li XZ et al (2003) The enhancement of TiO2 photocatalytic activity by hydrogen thermal treatment. Chemosphere 50:39–46
Xia T, Chen X (2013) Revealing the structural properties of hydrogenated black TiO2 nanocrystals. J Mater Chem A 1:2983–2989
Bak T, Nowotny J, Rekas M et al (2002) Photo-electrochemical hydrogen generation from water using solar energy. Materials-related aspects. Int J Hydrogen Energ 27:991–1022
Bard AJ (1982) Design of semiconductor photoelectrochemical systems for solar energy conversion. J Phys Chem 86:172–177
Bard AJ (1980) Photoelectrochemistry. Science 207:139–144
Felici M, Polimeni A, Salviati G et al (2006) In-plane bandgap engineering by modulated hydrogenation of dilute nitride semiconductors. Adv Mater 18:1993–1997
Kamiya T, Nomura K, Hirano M et al (2008) Electronic structure of oxygen deficient amorphous oxide semiconductor a-InGaZnO4–x : optical analyses and first-principle calculations. Phys Status Solidi C 5:3098–3100
Lu X, Wang G, Xie S et al (2012) Efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over hydrogenated ZnO nanorod arrays. Chem Commun 48:7717–7719
Wang G, Wang H, Ling Y et al (2011) Hydrogen-treated TiO2 nanowire arrays for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nano Lett 11:3026–3033
Fang WQ, Gong XQ, Yang HG (2011) On the unusual properties of anatase TiO2 exposed by highly reactive facets. J Phys Chem Lett 2:725–734
Vittadini A, Selloni A, Rotzinger FP et al (1998) Structure and energetics of water adsorbed at TiO2 anatase (101) and (001) surfaces. Phys Rev Lett 81:2954–2957
Breckenridge R, Hosler W (1953) Electrical properties of titanium dioxide semiconductors. Phys Rev 91:793–802
Armand M, Tarascon JM (2001) Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries. Nature 414:359–367
Deng D, Kim MG, Lee JY et al (2009) Green energy storage materials: nanostructured TiO2 and Sn-based anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Energy Environ Sci 2:818–837
Kang Q, Cao J, Zhang Y et al (2013) Reduced TiO2 nanotube arrays for photoelectrochemical water splitting. J Mater Chem A 1:5766–5774
Park M, Zhang X, Chung M et al (2010) A review of conduction phenomena in Li-ion batteries. J Power Sources 195:7904–7929
Chen JS, Lou XW (2010) The superior lithium storage capabilities of ultra-fine rutile TiO2 nanoparticles. J Power Sources 195:2905–2908
Lu X, Wang G, Zhai T et al (2012) Hydrogenated TiO2 nanotube arrays for supercapacitors. Nano Lett 12:1690–1696
Lee DK, Jeon JI, Kim MH et al (2005) Oxygen nonstoichiometry (δ) of TiO2−δ revisited. J Solid State Chem 178:185–193
Chen JS, Tan YL, Li CM et al (2010) Constructing hierarchical spheres from large ultrathin anatase TiO2 nanosheets with nearly 100% exposed (001) facets for fast reversible lithium storage. J Am Chem Soc 132:6124–6130
Hu YS, Kienle L, Guo YG et al (2006) High lithium electroactivity of nanometer-sized rutile TiO2. Adv Mater 18:1421–1426
Pfanzelt M, Kubiak P, Fleischhammer M et al (2011) TiO2 rutile—an alternative anode material for safe lithium-ion batteries. J Power Sources 196:6815–6821
Lu Z, Yip CT, Wang L et al (2012) Hydrogenated TiO2 nanotube arrays as high-rate anodes for lithium-ion microbatteries. ChemPlusChem 77:991–1000
Shen L, Uchaker E, Zhang X et al (2012) Hydrogenated Li4Ti5O12 nanowire arrays for high rate lithium ion batteries. Adv Mater 24:6502–6506
Hu CC, Chang KH, Lin MC et al (2006) Design and tailoring of the nanotubular arrayed architecture of hydrous RuO2 for next generation supercapacitors. Nano Lett 6:2690–2695
Leela A, Reddy M, Ramaprabhu S (2007) Nanocrystalline metal oxides dispersed multiwalled carbon nanotubes as supercapacitor electrodes. J Phys Chem C 111:7727–7734
Castellanos-Gomez A, Wojtaszek M, Arramel N et al (2012) Reversible hydrogenation and bandgap opening of graphene and graphite surfaces probed by scanning tunneling spectroscopy. Small 8:1607–1613
Suhariadi I, Matsushima K, Kuwahara K et al (2013) Effects of hydrogen dilution on ZnO thin films fabricated via nitrogen-mediated crystallization. Jpn J Appl Phys 52:01AC08
Yang P, Xiao X, Li Y et al (2013) Hydrogenated ZnO core shell nanocables for flexible supercapacitors and self-powered systems. ACS Nano 7:2617–2626
Simon P, Burke A (2008) Nanostructured carbons: double-layer capacitance and more. J Electrochem Soc 17:38–43
Hofmann D, Hofstaetter A, Leiter F et al (2002) Hydrogen: a relevant shallow donor in zinc oxide. Phys Rev Lett 88:045504
Myong SY, Lim KS (2003) Highly stable and textured hydrogenated ZnO thin films. Appl Phys Lett 82:3026–3028
Pan X, Zhao Y, Ren G et al (2013) Highly conductive VO2 treated with hydrogen for supercapacitors. Chem Commun 49:3943–3945
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the ARC Discovery Grants from the Australian Research Council Discovery Project and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21328301).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
SPECIAL ISSUE: Advanced Materials for Clean Energy
About this article
Cite this article
Qiu, J., Dawood, J. & Zhang, S. Hydrogenation of nanostructured semiconductors for energy conversion and storage. Chin. Sci. Bull. 59, 2144–2161 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-014-0186-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-014-0186-9