Abstract
A highly conjugated network of covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) on the one hand promotes light-harvesting, but on the other hand, also results in high carrier recombination which eventually limits their photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) rates. Thus, strategies to favorably tune the electronic configuration of CTFs for efficient photocatalytic HERs need to be developed, but still remain challenging. Herein, a simple in-situ defect strategy involving element doping is developed for the first time to introduce a heteroatom including S and Se into CTF-1 via the condensation of aldehydes with the mixture of the terephthalimidamide and the S- or Se-substituted terephthalimidamide under mild conditions. The doping content (X) is varied, resulting in a series of S- and Se-doped CTFs, named CTFS-1-X and CTFSe-1-X, respectively. Interestingly, for the S-doped CTFs, CTFS-1-10 shows the most excellent HER rate (4,992.3 µmol g−1 h−1) from water splitting, while for the Se-doped ones, CTFSe-1-10 exhibits a photocatalytic HER rate of 5,792.8 µmol g−1 h−1, both of which far surpass undoped CTFs (693.3 µmol g−1 h−1). In-depth studies indicate that the introduction of S or Se atoms into CTFs could extend the light absorption and promote photo-generated electron-hole pairs migration. Meanwhile, S- or Se-doping could create heterogeneous electronic configuration in CTFs, which can help to suppress carrier recombination.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Park JM, Lee JH, Jang WD. Coord Chem Rev, 2020, 407: 213157
Pan H. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 2016, 57: 584–601
Younis SA, Kwon EE, Qasim M, Kim KH, Kim T, Kukkar D, Dou X, Ali I. Prog Energy Combust Sci, 2020, 81: 100870
Hisatomi T, Domen K. Nat Catal, 2019, 2: 387–399
Xu Q, Zhang L, Cheng B, Fan J, Yu J. Chem, 2020, 6: 1543–1559
Wang Y, Vogel A, Sachs M, Sprick RS, Wilbraham L, Moniz SJA, Godin R, Zwijnenburg MA, Durrant JR, Cooper AI, Tang J. Nat Energy, 2019, 4: 746–760
Gao J, Xue J, Jia S, Shen Q, Zhang X, Jia H, Liu X, Li Q, Wu Y. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2021, 13: 18758–18771
She H, Sun Y, Li S, Huang J, Wang L, Zhu G, Wang Q. Appl Catal B-Environ, 2019, 245: 439–447
Zhang C, Xie C, Gao Y, Tao X, Ding C, Fan F, Jiang H. Angew Chem, 2022, 134
Chen M, Li H, Liu C, Liu J, Feng Y, Wee AGH, Zhang B. Coord Chem Rev, 2021, 435: 213778
Zhang G, Liu M, Heil T, Zafeiratos S, Savateev A, Antonietti M, Wang X. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2019, 58: 14950–14954
Zhao C, Chen Z, Shi R, Yang X, Zhang T. Adv Mater, 2020, 32: 1907296
Wang N, Cheng G, Guo L, Tan B, Jin S. Adv Funct Mater, 2019, 29: 1904781
Wang X, Chen L, Chong SY, Little MA, Wu Y, Zhu WH, Clowes R, Yan Y, Zwijnenburg MA, Sprick RS, Cooper AI. Nat Chem, 2018, 10: 1180–1189
Zhai L, Xie Z, Cui CX, Yang X, Xu Q, Ke X, Liu M, Qu LB, Chen X, Mi L. Chem Mater, 2022, 34: 5232–5240
Liu M, Jiang K, Ding X, Wang S, Zhang C, Liu J, Zhan Z, Cheng G, Li B, Chen H, Jin S, Tan B. Adv Mater, 2019, 31: 1807865
Huang W, He Q, Hu Y, Li Y. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2019, 58: 8676–8680
Huang W, Wang ZJ, Ma BC, Ghasimi S, Gehrig D, Laquai F, Landfester K, Zhang KAI. J Mater Chem A, 2016, 4: 7555–7559
Schwinghammer K, Hug S, Mesch MB, Senker J, Lotsch BV. Energy Environ Sci, 2015, 8: 3345–3353
Cao S, Li H, Tong T, Chen HC, Yu A, Yu J, Chen HM. Adv Funct Mater, 2018, 28: 1802169–1802177
Zhang Y, Lv H, Zhang Z, Wang L, Wu X, Xu H. Adv Mater, 2021, 33: 2008264
Huang W, Byun J, Rörich I, Ramanan C, Blom PWM, Lu H, Wang D, Caire da Silva L, Li R, Wang L, Landfester K, Zhang KAI. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2018, 57: 8316–8320
Cheng H, Lv H, Cheng J, Wang L, Wu X, Xu H. Adv Mater, 2022, 34: 2107480
Zhang G, Zhang M, Ye X, Qiu X, Lin S, Wang X. Adv Mater, 2014, 26: 805–809
Kong D, Han X, Xie J, Ruan Q, Windle CD, Gadipelli S, Shen K, Bai Z, Guo Z, Tang J. ACS Catal, 2019, 9: 7697–7707
Kurumisawa Y, Higashino T, Nimura S, Tsuji Y, Iiyama H, Imahori H. J Am Chem Soc, 2019, 141: 9910–9919
Zhou N, Prabakaran K, Lee B, Chang SH, Harutyunyan B, Guo P, Butler MR, Timalsina A, Bedzyk MJ, Ratner MA, Vegiraju S, Yau S, Wu CG, Chang RPH, Facchetti A, Chen MC, Marks TJ. J Am Chem Soc, 2015, 137: 4414–4423
Ma X, Tang C, Ma Y, Zhu X, Wang J, Gao J, Xu C, Wang Y, Zhang J, Zheng Q, Zhang F. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2021, 13: 57684–57692
Li S, Yang Y, Su K, Zhang B, Feng Y. Chin J Chem Eng, 2022, 50: 29–42
Zhang Y, Mori T, Ye J, Antonietti M. J Am Chem Soc, 2010, 132: 6294–6295
Wang K, Yang LM, Wang X, Guo L, Cheng G, Zhang C, Jin S, Tan B, Cooper A. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2017, 56: 14149–14153
Jing J, Yang J, Zhang Z, Zhu Y. Adv Energy Mater, 2021, 11: 2101392
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22078241), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and the Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Supporting information
The supporting information is available online at chem.scichina.com and springerlink.bibliotecabuap.elogim.com/journal/11426. The supporting materials are published as submitted, without typesetting or editing. The responsibility for scientific accuracy and content remains entirely with the authors.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, M., Xiong, J., Li, X. et al. In-situ doping strategy for improving the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance of covalent triazine frameworks. Sci. China Chem. 66, 2363–2370 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-023-1624-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-023-1624-7