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1 Background
According to the United Nations Environment Program, “phytotechnologies are ecotechnologies relating to the use of vegetation, to resolve environmental problems in a watershed management, by prevention of landscape degradation, remediation and restoration of degraded ecosystems, control of environmental processes, and monitoring and assessment of environmental quality.”
2 Results
Phytotechnologies are beginning to offer efficient tools and environmentally friendly solutions for:
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The cleanup of contaminated sites and water
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The improvement of food chain safety
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The development of renewable bioenergy
In short, phytotechnologies contribute to the sustainable use of water and land.
3 Discussion
However, each of these goals requires a sound understanding of how plants can specifically accumulate or exclude essential elements, toxic metals, and organic pollutants.
Research is indispensable on the bioavailability of metals and xenobiotics in the rhizosphere, their uptake by roots, their translocation to and detoxification/storage in the above-ground parts of the plant, and that at the physiological, the biochemical, and the molecular level.
4 Conclusions
In the European framework of COST Action 859 (http://w3.gre.ac.uk/cost859/), significant efforts have been carried out as to the integration and expansion of research and development in order to implement phytotechnologies as instruments for the removal and/or management of environmental pollutants. This network aimed to contribute to the implementation, assessment, and integration of efficient phytotreatments for sustainable land use management, ecosystem restoration, and mitigation strategies applicable to different environmental compartments.
Four topics were thus addressed by different working groups of COST Action 859:
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(1)
Plant uptake/exclusion and translocation of nutrients and contaminants
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(2)
Exploiting omics approaches in phytotechnologies
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(3)
Improving nutritional quality and safety of food crops
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(4)
Environmental pollution and potentials of phytoremediation
5 Outcomes
The purpose of the thematic set of papers in this issue of Environmental Science and Pollution Research is:
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To present major outlines, outcomes, and perspectives emanated from the network
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To highlight significant progress in Europe over the last 5 years
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To identify some critical points in overcoming bottlenecks in plant removal and detoxification of pollutants
Two comprehensive reviews (Bert et al. 2009; Vangronsveld et al. 2009) present the current knowledge and recent developments in phytoremediation of contaminated sediments, soils, and groundwater.
Seven research articles address some more specific topics where significant results have recently been obtained:
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Interactions between trace elements and detoxification of organic pollutants (Schröder et al. 2009)
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Direct use of organic contaminants as substrates for cytochromes P450 monooxygenase (Page and Schwitzguébel 2009)
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Interactions of plants with rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria to degrade PCBs and chlorinated solvents (Mackova et al. 2009; Weyens et al. 2009)
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Metal uptake in relation to salinity (Manousaki and Kalogerakis 2009; Barazani and Golan-Goldhirsh 2009)
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Establishment of constructed wetlands under extreme conditions (Tencer et al. 2009)
Finally, successful experiments and limitations of phytotechnologies are assessed for contaminant uptake, detoxification, and sequestration, with consequences for food safety (Mench et al. 2009).
Over the last 5 years, COST 859 has demonstrated in which way plants can be used to accumulate toxic metals and organic pollutants from contaminated sites for cleanup purposes, in order to prevent further degradation of our environment and to remediate damage caused by our increasingly industrialized society.
It has also been shown that crops with a reduced capacity to accumulate toxic metals and organic pollutants in edible parts are valuable to improve food safety, and even more crop plants with an enhanced capacity to accumulate essential minerals can help to feed the world and improve human health through balanced mineral nutrition.
6 Perspectives
In the future, the use of plants specifically chosen or tailored for the rehabilitation of polluted lands and brownfields, water purification, and even removal of indoor or outdoor air contaminants will become essential for a sustainable development. Green and environmentally compatible biotechnologies are less expensive methods of site restoration compared to physicochemical and engineering approaches, even though the time scale required to reach the fixed end-points can become a limiting factor. Plants are beneficial to human health, and they are already cleaning our environment constantly, everywhere, even if we do not recognize or know it.
References
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Responsible editors: Jean-Paul Schwitzguébel • Peter Schröder
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Schwitzguébel, JP., Schröder, P. Phytotechnologies to promote sustainable land use and improve food safety: outcomes and outlook from the European COST Action 859. Environ Sci Pollut Res 16, 743–744 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-009-0242-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-009-0242-1