Abstract
The Heliospheric Magnetic Field (HMF) is the physical framework in which energetic particles and cosmic rays propagate. Changes in the large scale structure of the magnetic field lead to short- and long term changes in cosmic ray intensities, in particular in anti-phase with solar activity. The origin of the HMF in the corona is well understood and inner heliospheric observations can generally be linked to their coronal sources. The structure of heliospheric magnetic polarities and the heliospheric current sheet separating the dominant solar polarities are reviewed here over longer than a solar cycle, using the three dimensional heliospheric observations by Ulysses. The dynamics of the HMF around solar minimum activity is reviewed and the development of stream interaction regions following the stable flow patterns of fast and slow solar wind in the inner heliosphere is described. The complex dynamics that affects the evolution of the stream interaction regions leads to a more chaotic structure of the HMF in the outer heliosphere is described and discussed on the basis of the Voyager observations. Around solar maximum, solar activity is dominated by frequent transients, resulting in the interplanetary counterparts of Coronal Mass Ejections (ICMEs). These produce a complex aperiodic pattern of structures in the inner heliosphere, at all heliolatitudes. These structures continue to interact and evolve as they travel to the outer heliosphere. However, linking the observations in the inner and outer heliospheres is possible in the case of the largest solar transients that, despite their evolutions, remain recognizably large structures and lead to the formation of Merged Interaction Regions (MIRs) that may well form a quasi-spherical, “global” shell of enhanced magnetic fields around the Sun at large distances. For the transport of energetic particles and cosmic rays, the fluctuations in the magnetic field and their description in alternative turbulent models remains a very important research topic. These are also briefly reviewed in this paper.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
A. Balogh, Magnetic fields in the heliosphere at solar minimum and solar maximum, in Proceedings of the Second Granada Workshop, “The Evolving Sun and its Influence on Planetary Environments”, ed. by B. Montesinos, A. Gimenez, E.F. Guinan. ASP Conf. Series, vol. 269 (2002), pp. 37–72
A. Balogh, J.R. Jokipii, The heliospheric magnetic field and its extension to the inner heliosheath. Space Sci. Rev. 143, 85–110 (2009)
A. Balogh, G. Erdös, R.J. Forsyth, E.J. Smith, The evolution of the interplanetary sector structure in 1992. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 2331–2334 (1993)
A. Balogh, J.A. Gonzalez-Esparza, R.J. Forsyth, M.E. Burton, B.E. Goldstein, E.J. Smith, Interplanetary shock waves: Ulysses observations in and out of the ecliptic plane. Space Sci. Rev. 72, 171–180 (1995)
S.J. Bame, B.E. Goldstein, J.T. Gosling, J.W. Harvey, D.J. McComas, M. Neugebauer, J.L. Phillips, Ulysses observations of a recurrent high speed stream and the heliomagnetic streamer belt. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 2323–2326 (1993)
K.W. Behannon, Heliocentric distance dependence of the interplanetary magnetic field. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 16, 125–145 (1978)
J.W. Belcher, L. Davis Jr., Large-amplitude Alfvén waves in the interplanetary medium, 2. J. Geophys. Res. 76, 3534–3563 (1971)
J.W. Belcher, A.J. Lazarus, R.L. McNutt Jr., G.S. Gordon Jr., Large-scale density structures in the outer heliosphere. Adv. Space Res. 13, 41–46 (1993)
J.W. Bieber, W.H. Matthaeus, C.W. Smith, W. Wanner, M.-B. Kallenrode, G. Wibberenz, Proton and electron mean free paths: the Palmer consensus revisited. Astrophys. J. 420, 294–306 (1994)
J.W. Bieber, W. Wanner, W.H. Matthaeus, Dominant two-dimensional solar wind turbulence with implications for cosmic ray transport. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 2511–2522 (1996)
J.E. Borovsky, On the variations of the solar wind magnetic field about the Parker spiral direction. J. Geophys. Res. 115, A09101 (2010). doi:10.1029/2009JA015040
R. Bruno, V. Carbone, The solar wind as a turbulence laboratory. Living Rev. Sol. Phys. 2 (2005). http://www.livingreviews.org/lrsp-2005-4
L.F. Burlaga, Magnetic clouds and force-free fields with constant alpha. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 7217–7224 (1988)
L.F. Burlaga, N.F. Ness, Merged interaction regions and large-scale magnetic field fluctuations during 1991: Voyager 2 observations. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 19,341–19,350 (1994)
L.F. Burlaga, N.F. Ness, Magnetic fields in the distant heliosphere approaching solar minimum: Voyager 1 and 2 observations during 1994. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 13473–13481 (1996)
L.F. Burlaga, E. Sittler, F. Mariani, R. Schwenn, Magnetic loop behind an interplanetary shock—Voyager, Helios, and IMP 8 observations. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 6673–6684 (1981)
L.F. Burlaga, L. Klein, N.R. Sheeley Jr., D.J. Michels, R.A. Howard, M.J. Koomen, R. Schwenn, H. Rosenbauer, A magnetic cloud and a coronal mass ejection. Geophys. Res. Lett. 9, 1317–1320 (1982)
L.F. Burlaga, R. Schwenn, H. Rosenbauer, Dynamical evolution of interplanetary magnetic fields and flowsbetween 0.3 AU and 8.5 AU: Entrainment. Geophys. Res. Lett. 10, 413–416 (1983)
L.F. Burlaga, W.H. Mish, Y.C. Whang, Coalescence of recurrent streams of different sizes and amplitudes. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 4247–4255 (1990)
L.F. Burlaga, N.F. Ness, J.W. Belcher, Radial evolution of corotating merged interaction regions and flows between ∼14 AU and ∼43 AU. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 4661–4671 (1997)
L.F. Burlaga, N.F. Ness, J.D. Richardson, R.P. Lepping, The Bastille day shock and merged interaction region at 63 AU: Voyager 2 observations. Sol. Phys. 204, 399–411 (2001)
L.F. Burlaga, D. Berdichevsky, N. Gopalswamy, R. Lepping, T. Zurbuchen, Merged interaction regions at 1 AU. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A12), 1425 (2003a). doi:10.1029/2003JA010088
L.F. Burlaga, N.F. Ness, J.D. Richardson, Sectors in the distant heliosphere: Voyager 1 and 2 observations from 1999 through 2002 between 57 and 83 AU. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A10), 8028 (2003b). doi:10.1029/2003JA009870
L.F. Burlaga, C. Wang, J.D. Richardson, N.F. Ness, Evolution of magnetic fields in corotating interaction regions from 1 to 95 AU: order to chaos. Astrophys. J. 590, 554–566 (2003c)
L.F. Burlaga, N.F. Ness, F.B. McDonald, J.D. Richardson, C. Wang, Voyager 1 and 2 observations of magnetic fields and associated cosmic-ray variations from 2000 through 2001: 60–87 AU. Astrophys. J. 582, 540–549 (2003d)
H.V. Cane, I.G. Richardson, Interplanetary coronal mass ejections in the near-Earth solar wind during 1996–2002. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A4), 1156 (2003). doi:10.1029/2002JA009817
P.J. Cargill, J.M. Schmidt, Modelling interplanetary CMEs using magnetohydrodynamic simulations. Ann. Geophys. 20, 879–890 (2002)
M.L. Cartwright, M.B. Moldwin, Comparison of small-scale flux rope magnetic properties to large-scale magnetic clouds: Evidence for reconnection across the HCS? J. Geophys. Res. 113, A09105 (2008). doi:10.1029/2008JA013389
M.L. Cartwright, M.B. Moldwin, Heliospheric evolution of solar wind small-scale magnetic flux ropes. J. Geophys. Res. 115, A08102 (2010). doi:10.1029/2009JA014271
P.J. Coleman Jr., Turbulence, viscosity and dissipation in the solar wind plasma. Astrophys. J. 153, 371–388 (1968)
P. Démoulin, S. Dasso, Magnetic cloud models with bent and oblate cross-section boundaries. Astron. Astrophys. 507, 969–980 (2009)
W. Dröge, Particle scattering by magnetic fields. Space Sci. Rev. 93, 121–151 (2000)
G. Erdõs, A. Balogh, The symmetry of the heliospheric current sheet as observed by Ulysses during the fast latitude scan. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 245–248 (1998)
G. Erdős, A. Balogh, In situ observations of magnetic field fluctuations. Adv. Space Res. 35, 625–635 (2005)
G. Erdõs, A. Balogh, North-south asymmetry of the location of the heliospheric current sheet revisited. J. Geophys. Res. 115, A01105 (2010). doi:10.1029/2009JA014620
G. Erdős, A. Balogh, J. Kóta, Scattering mean free path of energetic protons in the heliosphere, in Proceedings 26th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Salt Lake City, 1999, vol. 6 (1999), pp. 316–319
H.Q. Feng, D.J. Wu, C.C. Lin, J.K. Chao, L.C. Lee, L.H. Lyu, Interplanetary small- and intermediate-sized magnetic flux ropes during 1995–2005. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A12105 (2008). doi:10.1029/2008JA013103
L.A. Fisk, Motion of the footpoints of heliospheric magnetic field lines at the Sun: implications for recurrent energetic particle events at high heliographic latitudes. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 15547–15554 (1996)
T. Forbes, A review on the genesis of coronal mass ejections. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 23153–23166 (2000)
T. Forbes, J.A. Linker, J. Chen, C. Cid, J. Kóta, M.A. Lee, G. Mann, Z. Mikic, M.S. Potgieter, J.M. Schmidt, et al., CME theory and models—report of working group D. Space Sci. Rev. 123, 251–302 (2006)
R.J. Forsyth, A. Balogh, T.S. Horbury, G. Erdos, E.J. Smith, M.E. Burton, The heliospheric magnetic field at solar minimum: Ulysses observations from pole to pole. Astron. Astrophys. 316, 287–295 (1996)
R.J. Forsyth, A. Balogh, E.J. Smith, The underlying direction of the heliospheric magnetic field through the Ulysses first orbit. J. Geophys. Res. 107(A11), 1405 (2002). doi:10.1029/2001JA005056
F. Fraschetti, J.R. Jokipii, Time-dependent perpendicular transport of fast charged particles in a turbulent magnetic field. Astrophys. J. 734(2), 83 (2011). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/734/2/83
P.R. Gazis, A large-scale survey of corotating interaction regions and their successors in the outer heliosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 19–23 (2000)
J. Geiss, G. Gloeckler, R. von Steiger, Origin of the solar wind from composition data. Space Sci. Rev. 72, 49–60 (1995)
J. Giacalone, Cosmic-ray transport and interaction with shocks. Space Sci. Rev. (2011, this issue). doi:10.1007/s11214-011-9763-2
M.L. Goldstein, D.A. Roberts, Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in the solar wind. Phys. Plasmas 6, 4154–4160 (1999)
J.A. Gonzalez-Esparza, E.J. Smith, Solar cycle dependence of solar wind dynamics: Pioneer, Voyager and Ulysses from 1 to 5 AU. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 24359–24371 (1996)
J.T. Gosling, Coronal mass ejections and magnetic flux ropes in interplanetary space, in Physics of Magnetic Flux Ropes, ed. by C.T. Russell, E.R. Priest, L.C. Lee. Geophysical Monograph, vol. 58 (American Geophysical Union, Washington, 1990), pp. 343–364
J.T. Gosling, V.J. Pizzo, Formation and evolution of corotating interaction regions and their three dimensional structure. Space Sci. Rev. 89, 21–52 (1999)
J.T. Gosling, R.M. Skoug, On the origin of radial magnetic fields in the heliosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 107(A10), 1327 (2002). doi:10.1029/2002JA009434
J.T. Gosling, A.J. Hundhausen, S.J. Bame, Solar wind stream evolution at large heliocentric distances: Experimental demonstration and the test of a model. J. Geophys. Res. 81, 2111–2122 (1976)
J.T. Gosling, J.R. Asbridge, S.J. Bame, W.C. Feldman, Solar wind stream interfaces. J. Geophys. Res. 83, 1401–1412 (1978)
H.-Q. He, G. Qin, A simple analytical method to determine solar energetic particles’ mean free path. Astrophys. J. 730(1), 46 (2011). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/730/1/46
J.T. Hoeksema, Extending the Sun’s magnetic field through the three-dimensional heliosphere. Adv. Space Res. 9, 141–152 (1989)
H.S. Hudson, J.-L. Bougeret, J. Burkepile, Coronal mass ejections: Overview of observations. Space Sci. Rev. 123, 13–30 (2006)
A.J. Hundhausen, Evolution of large-scale solar wind structures beyond 1 AU. J. Geophys. Res. 78, 2035–2042 (1973)
A.J. Hundhausen, Sizes and locations of coronal mass ejections: SMM observations from 1980 and 1984–1989. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 13177–13200 (1993)
D.S. Intriligator, J.R. Jokipii, T.S. Horbury, J.M. Intriligator, R.J. Forsyth, H. Kunow, G. Wibberenz, J.T. Gosling, Processes associated with particle transport in corotating interaction regions and near stream interfaces. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 10625–10634 (2001)
L. Jian, C.T. Russell, J.G. Luhmann, R.M. Skoug, Properties of stream interaction regions at one AU during 1995–2004. Sol. Phys. 239, 337–392 (2006)
L.K. Jian, C.T. Russell, J.G. Luhmann, A.B. Galvin, P.J. MacNeice, Multi-spacecraft observations: Stream interactions and associated structures. Sol. Phys. 259, 345–360 (2009)
J.R. Jokipii, Cosmic-ray propagation. I. Charged particles in a random magnetic field. Astrophys. J. 146, 480–487 (1966)
J.R. Jokipii, J. Kóta, The polar heliospheric magnetic field. Geophys. Res. Lett. 16, 1–4 (1989)
G.H. Jones, A. Balogh, R.J. Forsyth, Radial heliospheric magnetic fields detected by Ulysses. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 3109–3112 (1998)
G.H. Jones, A. Balogh, E.J. Smith, Solar magnetic field reversal as seen at Ulysses. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(19), 8028 (2003). doi:10.1029/2003GL017204
S.W. Kahler, S. Krucker, A. Szabo, Solar energetic electron probes of magnetic cloud field line lengths. J. Geophys. Res. 116, A01104 (2011). doi:10.1029/2010JA015328
L.W. Klein, L.F. Burlaga, Interplanetary magnetic clouds at 1 AU. J. Geophys. Res. 87, 613–624 (1982)
H. Kunow, N.U. Crooker, J.A. Linker, R. Schwenn, R. Von Steiger (eds.), Coronal Mass Ejections. Space Science Series of ISSI, vol. 21. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews Journal, vol. 123/1–4 (2006)
R.P. Lepping, J.A. Jones, L.F. Burlaga, Magnetic field structure of interplanetary magnetic clouds at 1 AU. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 11957–11965 (1990)
R.P. Lepping, D.B. Berdichevsky, L.F. Burlaga, A.J. Lazarus, J. Kasper, M.D. Desch, C.-C. Wu, D.V. Reames, H.J. Singer, C.W. Smith, K.L. Ackerson, The Bastille day magnetic clouds and upstream shocks: near-Earth interplanetary observations. Sol. Phys. 204, 287–305 (2001)
R.P. Lepping, C.-C. Wu, D.B. Berdichevsky, A. Szabo, Magnetic clouds at/near the 2007–2009 solar minimum: Frequency of occurrence and some unusual properties. Sol. Phys. (2011). doi:10.1007/s11207-010-9646-9
S.T. Lepri, T.H. Zurbuchen, L.A. Fisk, I.G. Richardson, H.V. Cane, G. Gloeckler, Iron charge distribution as an identifier of interplanetary coronal mass ejections. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 29231–29238 (2001)
F.B. McDonald, A. Barnes, L.F. Burlaga, P. Gazis, J. Mihalov, R.S. Selesnick, Effects of the intense solar activity of March/June 1991 observed in the outer heliosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 14705–14715 (1994)
F.B. McDonald, L.F. Burlaga, A.C. Cummings, B.C. Heikkila, N. Lal, N.F. Ness, E.C. Stone, J.D. Richardson, W.R. Webber, The July 14th, 2000 “Bastille Day” solar event as observed by Voyagers 1 and 2 in the distant heliosphere, in Proc. 27th Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. Copernicus Gesellschaft (2001), pp. 3637–3640
J. Minnie, W.H. Matthaeus, J.W. Bieber, D. Ruffolo, R.A. Burger, When do particles follow field lines? J. Geophys. Res., 114, A01102 (2009). doi:10.1029/2008JA013349
M.B. Moldwin, J.L. Phillips, J.T. Gosling, E.E. Scime, D.J. McComas, S.J. Bame, A. Balogh, R.J. Forsyth, Ulysses observations of a noncoronal mass ejection flux rope: Evidence of interplanetary magnetic reconnection. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 19903–19910 (1995). doi:10.1029/95JA01123
C. Möstl, C.J. Farrugia, H.K. Biernat, M. Leitner, E.K.J. Kilpua, A.B. Galvin, J.G. Luhmann, Optimized Grad–Shafranov reconstruction of a magnetic cloud using STEREO-Wind observations. Sol. Phys. 256, 427–441 (2009)
D. Odstrcil, P. Riley, J.A. Linker, R. Lionello, Z. Mikic, V.J. Pizzo, 3-D simulations of ICMEs by coupled coronal and heliospheric models, in Solar Variability as an Input to the Earth’s Environment. ESA SP, vol. 535 (European Space Agency, Noordwijk, 2003), pp. 541–546
I.D. Palmer, Transport coefficients of low-energy cosmic rays in interplanetary space. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 20, 335–351 (1982)
E.N. Parker, Extension of the solar corona into interplanetary space. J. Geophys. Res. 64, 1675–1681 (1959)
K.I. Paularena, C. Wang, R. von Steiger, B. Heber, An ICME observed by Voyager 2 at 58 AU and by Ulysses at 5 AU. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 2755–2758 (2001)
A. Petrosyan, A. Balogh, M.L. Goldstein, J. Léorat, E. Marsch, K. Petrovay, B. Roberts, R. von Steiger, J.-C. Vial, Turbulence in the solar atmosphere and solar wind. Space Sci. Rev. 156, 135–238 (2010)
V.J. Pizzo, Global, quasi-steady dynamics of the distant solar wind 2. Deformation of the heliospheric current sheet. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 4185–4191 (1994)
A. Rees, R.J. Forsyth, Two examples of magnetic clouds with double rotations observed by the Ulysses spacecraft. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L06804 (2004). doi:10.1029/2003GL018330
J.D. Richardson, Y. Liu, C. Wang, D.J. McComas, E.C. Stone, A.C. Cummings, L.F. Burlaga, M.H. Acuna, N.F. Ness, Source and consequences of a large shock near 79 AU. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L23107 (2006a). doi:10.1029/2006GL027983
J.D. Richardson, Y. Liu, C. Wang, L.F. Burlaga, ICMEs at very large distances. Adv. Space Res. 38, 528–534 (2006b)
I.G. Richardson, H.V. Cane, Near-Earth interplanetary coronal mass ejections during solar cycle 23 (1996–2009): Catalog and summary of properties. Sol. Phys. 264, 189–237 (2010)
P. Riley, N.U. Crooker, Kinematic treatment of coronal mass ejection evolution in the solar wind. Astrophys. J. 600, 1035–1042 (2004)
P. Riley, J.A. Linker, Z. Mikic, Modeling the heliospheric current sheet: Solar cycle variations. J. Geophys. Res. 107 A7, 1136 (2002). doi:10.1029/2001JA000299
P. Riley, J.A. Linker, R. Lionello, Z. Mikić, D. Odstrcil, M.A. Hidalgo, C. Cid, Q. Hu, R.P. Lepping, B.J. Lynch, A. Rees, Fitting flux ropes to a global MHD solution: A comparison of techniques. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 66, 1321–1331 (2004)
P. Riley, J.A. Linker, Z. Mikic, D. Odstrcil, Modeling interplanetary coronal mass ejections. Adv. Space Res. 38, 535–546 (2006a)
P. Riley, C. Schatzman, H.V. Cane, I.G. Richardson, N. Gopalswamy, On the rates of coronal mass ejections: Remote solar and in situ observations. Astrophys. J. 647, 648–653 (2006b)
E. Robbrecht, D. Berghmans, R.A.M. Van der Linden, Automated LASCO CME catalog for solar cycle 23: Are CMEs scale invariant? Astrophys. J. 691, 1222–1234 (2009)
M. Schulz, Interplanetary sector structure and the heliomagnetic equator. Astrophys. Space Sci. 24, 371–383 (1973)
R. Schwenn, Heliospheric 3D structure and CME propagation as seen from SOHO: Recent lessons for space weather predictions. Adv. Space Res. 26, 43–53 (2000)
J.A. Simpson, M. Zhang, S. Bame, A solar polar north-south asymmetry for cosmic-ray propagation in the heliosphere: The Ulysses pole-to-pole rapid transit. Astrophys. J. 465, L69–L72 (1996)
E.J. Smith, Interplanetary magnetic field over two solar cycles and out to 20 AU. Adv. Space Res. 9, 159–169 (1989)
E.J. Smith, The heliospheric current sheet. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 15819–15831 (2001)
E.J. Smith, The global heliospheric magnetic field, in The Heliosphere Through the Solar Activity Cycle, ed. by A. Balogh, L.J. Lanzerotti, S.T. Suess (Springer, Chichester, 2007), pp. 79–150
E.J. Smith, J.H. Wolfe, Observations of interaction regions and corotating shocks between one and five AU: Pioneers 10 and 11. Geophys. Res. Lett. 3, 137–140 (1976)
E.J. Smith, A. Balogh, Ulysses observations of the radial magnetic field. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 3317–3320 (1995)
E.J. Smith, M. Neugebauer, A. Balogh, S.J. Bame, G. Erdõs, R.J. Forsyth, B.E. Goldstein, J.L. Phillips, B.T. Tsurutani, Disappearance of the heliospheric sector structure at Ulysses. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 2327–2330 (1993)
B.U.Ö. Sonnerup, H. Hasegawa, W.-L. Teh, L.-N. Hau, Grad–Shafranov reconstruction: An overview. J. Geophys. Res. 111, A09204 (2006). doi:10.1029/2006JA011717
B.T. Thomas, E.J. Smith, The Parker spiral configuration of the interplanetary magnetic field between 1 and 8.5 AU. J. Geophys. Res. 85, 6861–6867 (1980)
B.T. Thomas, E.J. Smith, The structure and dynamics of the heliospheric current sheet. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 11105–11110 (1981)
M. Vandas, E.P. Romashets, S. Watari, A. Geranios, E. Antoniadou, O. Zacharopoulou, Comparison of force-free flux rope models with observations of magnetic clouds. Adv. Space Res. 38, 441–446 (2006)
R. von Steiger, T.H. Zurbuchen, Composition signatures of interplanetary coronal mass ejections, in Solar Variability as an Input to the Earth’s Environment. ESA SP, vol. 535 (European Space Agency, Noordwijk, 2003), pp. 835–840
R. von Steiger, J.D. Richardson, ICMEs in the outer heliosphere and at high latitudes: an introduction. Space Sci. Rev. 123, 111–126 (2006)
A. Vourlidas, R.A. Howard, E. Esfandiari, S. Patsourakos, S. Yashiro, G. Michalek, Comprehensive analysis of coronal mass ejections mass and energy properties over a full solar cycle. Astrophys. J. 722, 1522–1538 (2010)
C. Wang, J.D. Richardson, Interplanetary coronal mass ejections observed by Voyager 2 between 1 and 30 AU. J. Geophys. Res. 109, A06104 (2004). doi:10.1029/2004JA010379
C. Wang, J.D. Richardson, Dynamic processes in the outer heliosphere: Voyager observations and models. Adv. Space Phys. 35, 2102–2105 (2005)
C. Wang, J.D. Richardson, L.F. Burlaga, Propagation of the Bastille Day 2000 CME shock in the outer heliosphere. Sol. Phys. 204, 411–421 (2001)
C. Wang, J.D. Richardson, L.F. Burlaga, N.F. Ness, On radial heliospheric magnetic fields: Voyager 2 observation and model. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A5), 1205 (2003). doi:10.1029/2002JA009809
C. Wang, D. Du, J.D. Richardson, Characteristics of the interplanetary coronal mass ejections in the heliosphere between 0.3 and 5.4 AU. J. Geophys. Res. 110, A10107 (2005). doi:10.1029/2005JA011198
Y.-M. Wang, Coronal holes and open magnetic flux. Space Sci. Rev. 144, 383–399 (2009)
Y.-M. Wang, N.R. Sheeley Jr., On potential field models of the solar corona. Astrophys. J. 392, 310–319 (1992)
Y.-M. Wang, N.R. Sheeley, Solar implications of Ulysses interplanetary field measurements. Astrophys. J. 447, L143–L146 (1995)
Y.-M. Wang, N.R. Sheeley, On the topological evolution of the coronal magnetic field during the solar cycle. Astrophys. J. 599, 1404–1417 (2003)
Y.-M. Wang, N.R. Sheeley Jr., Sources of the solar wind at Ulysses during 1990–2006. Astrophys. J. 653, 708–718 (2006)
Y.-M. Wang, N.R. Sheeley Jr., M.D. Andrews, Polarity reversal of the solar magnetic field during cycle 23. J. Geophys. Res. 107(A12), 1465 (2002a). doi:10.1029/2002JA009463
Y.M. Wang, S. Wang, P.Z. Ye, Multiple magnetic clouds in interplanetary space. Sol. Phys. 211, 333–344 (2002b)
Y.-M. Wang, E. Robbrecht, N.R. Sheeley, On the weakening of the polar magnetic fields during solar cycle 23. Astrophys. J. 707, 1372–1386 (2009)
W. Wanner, M.-B. Kallenrode, W. Dröge, G. Wibberenz, Solar energetic proton mean free paths. Adv. Space Res. 13, 359–362 (1993)
Y.C. Whang, Shock interactions in the outer heliosphere. Space Sci. Rev. 57, 339–388 (1991)
Y.C. Whang, L.F. Burlaga, Evolution and interaction of interplanetary shocks. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 10765–10778 (1985)
Y.C. Whang, L.F. Burlaga, Evolution of recurrent solar wind structures between 14 AU and the termination shock. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 5446–5460 (1988)
Y.C. Whang, L.F. Burlaga, N.F. Ness, C.W. Smith, The Bastille day shocks and merged interaction region. Sol. Phys. 204, 255–265 (2001)
J.M. Wilcox, N.F. Ness, Quasi-stationary corotating structure in the interplanetary medium. J. Geophys. Res. 70, 5793–5805 (1965)
R.F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, N.U. Crooker, A. Balogh, V. Bothmer, R.J. Forsyth et al., Understanding interplanetary coronal mass ejection signatures. Space Sci. Rev. 123, 177–216 (2006)
C.C. Wu, R.P. Lepping, Statistical comparison of magnetic clouds with interplanetary coronal mass ejections for solar cycle 23. Sol. Phys. 269, 141–153 (2011)
X. Zhou, E.J. Smith, Solar cycle variations of heliospheric magnetic flux. J. Geophys. Res. 114, A03106 (2009). doi:10.1029/2008JA013421
B. Zieger, K.C. Hansen, Statistical validation of a solar wind propagation model from 1 to 10 AU. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A08107 (2008). doi:10.1029/2008JA013046
T. Zurbuchen, A new view of the coupling of the Sun and the heliosphere. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 45, 297–338 (2007)
T.H. Zurbuchen, I.G. Richardson, In-situ solar wind and magnetic field signatures of interplanetary coronal mass ejections. Space Sci. Rev. 123, 31–43 (2006)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Balogh, A., Erdõs, G. The Heliospheric Magnetic Field. Space Sci Rev 176, 177–215 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-011-9835-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-011-9835-3