Abstract
In this paper we describe the existing and planned radar measurements of the planetary bodies. The dielectric properties of water ice and other potential surface and subsurface materials are discussed, as well as their dependency on temperature and structure. We then evaluate the performance of subsurface sounding radars using these parameters. Finally we describe some laboratory technique to help interpret the radar data, presenting some results obtained using dielectric spectroscopy methods.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
J.E. Baron, G.L. Tyler, R.A. Simpson, Icarus 164, 404–417 (2003)
G.J. Black, D.B. Campbell, L.M. Carter, Icarus 191, 702–711 (2007)
D.D. Blankenship, D.A. Young, W.B. Moore, J.C. Moore, in EUROPA, ed. by R.T. Pappalardo, W.B. McKinnon, K. Khurana (The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 2010), pp. 631–653
V. Bogorodsky, C. Bentley, P. Gudmandsen, Radioglaciology (Reidel, Dordrecht, 1985). ISBN 90-277-1893-8
R.K. Chan, D.W. Davidson, E. Whalley, J. Chem. Phys. 43, 2376–2383 (1965)
C.F. Chyba, S.J. Ostro, B.C. Edwards, Icarus 134, 292–302 (1998)
T.S. Clarkson, L. Glasser, R.W. Tuxworth, G. Williams, Adv. Mol. Relax. Proc. 10, 173–202 (1977)
V.R. Eshleman, Science 234, 587–590 (1986)
J. Eluszkiewicz, Icarus 170, 234–236 (2004)
N.H. Fletcher, The Chemical Physics of Ice (Cambridge University Press, New York, 1970)
W. Feng, C.P. Lin, R.J. Dechamps, V.P. Drnevich, Water Resour. Res. 35, 2321–2331 (1999)
K. Giese, R. Tiemann, Adv. Mol. Relax. Proc. 7, 45–59 (1975)
J.W. Glen, J.G. Paren, J. Glaciol. 15, 15–37 (1975)
R.E. Grimm, D.E. Stillman, S.F. Dec, M.A. Bullock, J. Phys. Chem. B 112, 15382–15390 (2008)
T. Hagfors, I. Dahlstrom, T. Gold, S.-E. Hamran, R. Hansen, Icarus 130, 313–322 (1997)
B. Hapke, Icarus 88, 407–417 (1990)
F. Humbel, F. Jona, P. Scherrer, Helv. Phys. Acta 26, 17–32 (1953)
Y.A. Ilyushin, V.E. Kunitsyn, J. Commun. Technol. Electron. 49, 154–165 (2004)
A. Ishimaru, Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media (Academic Press, New York, 1978)
G.P. Johari, P. Charette, J. Glaciol. 14, 293–303 (1975)
G.P. Johari, S.J. Jones, J. Glaciol. 21, 259–276 (1978)
J.S. Kargel, Icarus 94, 368–390 (1991)
S. Kawada, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 44, 1881–1886 (1978)
W. Kofman et al., Adv. Space. Res. 21(11), 1589–1598 (1998)
W. Kofman, A. Herique, J.-P. Goutail, T. Hagfors, I.P. Williams, E. Nielsen, J.-P. Barriot, Y. Barbin, C. Elachi, P. Edenhofer, A.-C. Levasseur-Regourd, D. Plettemeier, G. Picardi, R. Seu, V. Svedhem, Space Sci. Rev. 128(1–4), 413–432 (2007)
J.-P. Lebreton et al., in Lunar and Planetary Institute Science Conference Abstracts, vol. 40 (2009), p. 2383
R.D. Lorenz, Icarus 136(2), 344–348 (1998)
E. Mattei, A. Di Matteo, A. De Santis, G. Vannaroni, E. Pettinelli, Water Resour. Res. 42 (2006). doi: 10.1029/2005WR004728
J.C. Moore, Icarus 147, 292–300 (2000)
J.C. Moore, A.P. Reid, J. Kipfstuhl, J. Geophys. Res., Oceans 99(C3), 5171–5180 (1994)
J. Mouginot, W. Kofman, A. Safaeinili, C. Grima, A. Herique, J.J. Plaut, Icarus 201(2), 454–459 (2009)
J. Mouginot, W. Kofman, A. Safaeinili, A. Herique, Planet. Space Sci. 56, 917–926 (2008)
J.-F. Nouvel, A. Herique, W. Kofman, A. Safaeinili, Radio Sci. 39(2004), 1013 (2004)
T. Ono, A. Kumamoto, H. Nakagawa, Y. Yamaguchi, S. Oshigami, A. Yamaji, T. Kobayashi, Y. Kasahara, H. Oya, Science 323, 909–912 (2009)
S.J. Ostro, D.B. Campbell, R.A. Simpson, R.S. Hudson, J.F. Chandler, K.D. Rosema, I.I. Shapiro, E.M. Standish, R. Winkler, D.K. Yeomans, R. Velez, R.M. Goldstein, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 18227–18244 (1992)
S.J. Ostro et al., Icarus 183, 479–490 (2006)
E. Pettinelli, G. Vannaroni, A. Cereti, F. Paolucci, G. Della Monica, M. Storini, F. Bella, J. Geophys. Res., Planets 108(E4), 8029–8040 (2003)
E. Pettinelli, P. Burghignoli, A. Galli, A.R. Pisani, F. Ticconi, G. Vannaroni, F. Bella, in IEEE-TGRS 2007, vol. 48 (2007), pp. 1271–1281
R.J. Phillips et al., NASA Spec. Publ. 330(22), 1–26 (1973)
R.J. Phillips et al., Science 320, 1182–1185 (2008)
G. Picardi et al., in Mars Express: The Scientific Payload, ed. by A. Wilson, A. Chicarro vol. SP-1240 (ESA, Noordwijk, 2004), pp. 51–69
G. Picardi et al., Science 310, 1925–1928 (2005)
G. Picardi et al., in Radar Conference, RADAR’08, IEEE, 26–30 May 2008 (2008), pp. 1–5
J.J. Plaut et al., Science 316, 92–95 (2007)
S. Ramo, J.R. Whinnery, T.V. Duzer, Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics (Wiley, New York, 1984)
Lord Rayleigh J.W. Strutt, Philos. Mag. 4, 481–502 (1892)
D.A. Robinson, S.B. Jones, J.M. Wraith, D. Or, R.P. Fredman, Vadose Zone J. 2, 444–475 (2003)
R. Ruepp, in Physics and Chemistry of Ice, ed. by E. Whalley, S.J. Jones, L.W. Gold (R. Soc. Can., Ottawa, 1973), pp. 179–186
F. Russo, M. Cutigni, R. Orosei, C. Taddei, R. Seu, D. Biccari, E. Giacomoni, O. Fuga, E. Flamini, in Radar Conference, RADAR’08, IEEE, 26–30 May 2008 (2008), pp. 1–4
A. Safaeinili, W. Kofman, J.-F. Nouvel, A. Herique, R.L. Jordan, Planet. Space Sci. 51, 505–515 (2003)
D.E. Smith et al., J. Geophys. Res. 106, 23 689–23 722 (2001)
R. Seu, R.J. Phillips, D. Biccari, R. Orosei, A. Masdea, G. Picardi, A. Safaeinili, B.A. Campbell, J.J. Plaut, L. Marinangeli, S.E. Smrekar, D.C. Nunes, J. Geophys. Res. 112, E05S05 (2007a)
R. Seu et al., Science 317, 1715–1718 (2007b)
M.A. Stuchly, S.S. Stuchly, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Measur. 29(3) (1980)
A.H. Sihvola, Subsurf. Sens. Technol. Appl. 1, 393–415 (2000)
A.H. Sihvola, J.A. Kong, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 26, 420–429 (1988)
A.H. Sihvola, J.A. Kong, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 27, 101–102 (1989)
W.R. Thompson, S.W. Squyres, Icarus 86, 336–354 (1990)
W.R. Tinga, W.A.G. Voss, D.F. Blossey, J. Appl. Phys. 44, 3897–3902 (1973)
G.C. Topp, P.A. Ferré, in Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 4, Physical Methods, ed. by J.H. Dane, G.C. Topp, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Book Ser, vol. 5 (Springer, Berlin, 2002), pp. 417–421
G.C. Topp, J.L. Davis, A.P. Annan, Water Resour. Res. 16(3), 574–582 (1980)
P. Zarka, B. Cecconi, W.S. Kurth, J. Geophys. Res. (Space Phys.) 109, 9 (2004)
Z. Zhang, E. Nielsen, J.J. Plaut, R. Orosei, G. Picardi, Planet. Space Sci. 57, 393–403 (2009)
A. von Hippel, D.B. Knoll, W.B. Westphal, J. Chem. Phys. 54, 134–134 (1971)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kofman, W., Orosei, R. & Pettinelli, E. Radar Signal Propagation and Detection Through Ice. Space Sci Rev 153, 249–271 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-010-9642-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-010-9642-2