Abstract
We discuss here the energy deposition of solar FUV, EUV and X-ray photons, energetic auroral particles, and pickup ions. Photons and the photoelectrons that they produce may interact with thermospheric neutral species producing dissociation, ionization, excitation, and heating. The interaction of X-rays or keV electrons with atmospheric neutrals may produce core-ionized species, which may decay by the production of characteristic X-rays or Auger electrons. Energetic particles may precipitate into the atmosphere, and their collisions with atmospheric particles also produce ionization, excitation, and heating, and auroral emissions. Auroral energetic particles, like photoelectrons, interact with the atmospheric species through discrete collisions that produce ionization, excitation, and heating of the ambient electron population. Auroral particles are, however, not restricted to the sunlit regions. They originate outside the atmosphere and are more energetic than photoelectrons, especially at magnetized planets. The spectroscopic analysis of auroral emissions is discussed here, along with its relevance to precipitating particle diagnostics. Atmospheres can also be modified by the energy deposited by the incident pickup ions with energies of eV’s to MeV’s; these particles may be of solar wind origin, or from a magnetospheric plasma. When the modeling of the energy deposition of the plasma is calculated, the subsequent modeling of the atmospheric processes, such as chemistry, emission, and the fate of hot recoil particles produced is roughly independent of the exciting radiation. However, calculating the spatial distribution of the energy deposition versus depth into the atmosphere produced by an incident plasma is much more complex than is the calculation of the solar excitation profile. Here, the nature of the energy deposition processes by the incident plasma are described as is the fate of the hot recoil particles produced by exothermic chemistry and by knock-on collisions by the incident ions.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
H. Abgrall, E. Roueff, X. Liu, D.E. Shemansky, Astrophys. J. 481, 557–566 (1997)
K. Ågren, J.-E. Wahlund, R. Modolo, D. Lummerzheim, M. Galand, I. Müller-Wodarg et al., Ann. Geophys. 25, 2359–2369 (2007)
J.M. Ajello, D.E. Shemansky, W.R. Pryor, A.I. Stewart, K.E. Simmons, T. Majeed, J.H. Waite, G.R. Gladstone, D. Grodent, Icarus 152, 151–171 (2001). doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6619
J.M. Ajello, W. Pryor, L. Esposito, A.I. Stewart, W. McClintock, J. Gustin, D. Grodent, J.-C. Gerard, T. Clarke, Icarus 178, 327 (2005).
A. Aksnes, J. Stadsnes, G. Lu, N. Østgaard, R.R. Vondrak, D.L. Detrick, T.J. Rosenberg, G.A. Germany, M. Schulz, Ann. Geophys. 22, 475–496 (2004)
A. Aksnes, J. Stadsnes, N. Østgaard, G.A. Germany, K. Oksavik, R.R. Vondrak, A. Brekke, U.P. Løvhaug, J. Geophys. Res. 111, A02301 (2006). doi:10.1029/2005JA011331
A.C. Allison, S.L. Guberman, A. Dalgarno, J. Geophys. Res. 87, 923–925 (1982)
A.C. Allison, S.L. Guberman, A. Dalgarno, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 10,193–10,198 (1986)
A.D. Anbar, M. Allen, H.A. Nair, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 10,925–10,931 (1993)
S.K. Atreya, M.H. Wong, T.C. Owen, P.R. Mahaffy, H.B. Niemann, I. de Pater, P. Drossart, Th. Encrenaz, Planet. Space Sci. 47, 1243–1262 (1999)
S.V. Avakyan, Kosm. Issl. 16, 144–148 (1978)
S.V. Avakyan, Cosmic Res. 17, 786–789 (1980)
S.M. Bailey, T.N. Woods, C.A. Barth, S.C. Solomon, L.R. Canfield, R. Korde, J. Geophys. Res. 105, 27,179–27,193 (2000)
K.H. Baines, H.B. Hammel, K.A. Rages, P.N. Romani, R.S. Samuelson, in Neptune and Triton, ed. by D.P. Cruikshank (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1995)
N. Balakrishnan, M.J. Jamieson, A. Dalgarno, Y. Li, R.J. Buenker, J. Chem. Phys. 112, 1255–1259 (2000)
P.M. Banks, G. Kockarts, Aeronomy (Academic Press, New York, 1973)
B. Basu, D.T. Decker, J.R. Jasperse, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 93–105 (2001)
S.J. Bauer, Physics of Planetary Ionospheres (Springer, New York, 1973)
S.J. Bauer, H. Lammer, Planetary Aeronomy (Springer, Berlin, 2004)
M. Benndorf, W.B. Westerveld, J.V. Eck, J.V.D. Weg, H.G.M. Heideman, Chem. Phys. Lett. 286, 321–328 (1998)
J. Berkowitz, Atomic and Molecular Photoabsorption (Academic Press, San Diego, 2002)
A. Bhardwaj, G.R. Gladstone, Rev. Geophys. 38, 295–353 (2000)
A. Bhardwaj, G. Branduardi-Raymont, R.F. Elsner, G.R. Gladstone, G. Ramsay, P. Rodriguez, R. Soria, J.H. Waite Jr., T.E. Cravens, Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L03S08 (2005a). doi:10.1029/2004GL021497
A. Bhardwaj, R.F. Elsner, J.H. Waite Jr., G.R. Gladstone, T.E. Cravens, P.F. Ford, Astrophys. J. 627, L73–L76 (2005b)
A. Bhardwaj, R. Gladstone, R. Elsner, N. Østgaard, H. Waite, T. Cravens, S.-W. Chang, T. Majeed, A. Metzger, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 69, 179–187 (2007b). doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2006.07.011
A. Bhardwaj et al., Planet. Space Sci. 55, 1135–1189 (2007a). doi:10.1016/j.Planet.SpaceSci.2006.11.009
G.A. Bird, Molecular Gas Dynamics and the Direct Simulation of Gas Flows (Clarendon, Oxford, England, 1994)
J.H. Black, E.F. van Dishoeck, Astrophys. J. 322, 412–449 (1987)
S.W. Bougher, R.G. Roble, E.C. Ridley, R.E. Dickinson, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 14,811–14,827 (1990)
S.W. Bougher, P.-L. Blelly, M. Combi, J.L. Fox, I. Mueller-Wodarg, A. Ridley, R.G. Roble, Space Sci. Rev. (2008, this issue)
G. Branduardi-Raymont, A. Bhardwaj, R.F. Elsner, G.R. Gladstone, G. Ramsay, P. Rodriguez, R. Soria, J.H. Waite Jr., T.E. Cravens, Astron. Astrophys. 463, 761–774 (2007). doi:10.1051/00046361:20066406
G. Branduardi-Raymont, R.F. Elsner, M. Galand, D. Grodent, T.E. Cravens, P. Ford, G.R. Gladstone, J.H. Waite Jr., J. Geophys. Res. 113, A02202 (2008). doi:10.1029/2007JA012600
D.H. Brautigam, M.S. Gussenhoven, D.A. Hardy, J. Geophys. Res. 96(A4), 5525–5538 (1991)
B. Brehm, G. de Frênes, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc., 251–266 (1978)
E.L. Breig, M.R. Torr, D.G. Torr, W.B. Hanson, J.H. Hoffman, J.C.G. Walker, A.O. Nier, J. Geophys. Res. 82, 1008–1012 (1977)
E.L. Breig, M.R. Torr, D.C. Kayser, J. Geophys. Res. 87, 7653–7665 (1982)
C.D. Caldwell, M.O. Krause, Phys. Rev. A 47, R759–R762 (1993)
R.W. Carlson, J. Chem. Phys. 60, 2350–2352 (1974)
S.L. Carter, H.P. Kelly, J. Phys. B 9, 1887–1897 (1976)
J.W. Chamberlain, D.M. Hunten, Theory of Planetary Atmospheres (Academic Press, Orlando, 1987)
S. Chapman, Proc. Phys. Soc. Lond. 43, 26–45 (1931a)
S. Chapman, Proc. Phys. Soc. Lond. 43, 483–501 (1931b)
B.K. Chatterjee, R. Johnsen, J. Chem. Phys. 91, 1378–1379 (1989)
J.Y. Chaufray, R. Modolo, F. Leblanc, G. Chanteur, R.E. Johnson, J.G. Luhmann, J. Geophys. Res. 112, E09009 (2007). doi:10.1029/2007JE002915
M.W. Chen, M. Schulz, P.C. Anderson, G. Lu, G. Germany, M. Wüest, J. Geophys. Res. 110, A03210 (2005). doi:10.1029/2004JA010725
A.S.-C. Cheung, K. Yoshino, J.R. Esmond, W.H. Parkinson, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 178, 66–77 (1996)
F. Cipriani, F. Leblanc, J.J. Berthelier, J. Geophys. Res. E07001, (2007). doi:10.1029/2006JE00281
E.U. Condon, G.H. Shortley, Theory of Atomic Spectra (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1964)
B. Coquert, M.F. Merienne, A. Jenouvrier, Planet. Space. Sci. 38, 287–300 (1990)
P.C. Cosby, R. Möller, H. Helm, Phys. Rev. A 28, 766–722 (1983)
B. Craseman, in Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Handbook, 2nd edn. ed. by G.W.F. Drake (American Institute of Physics Press, Woodbury, 2006), pp. 915–928
T.E. Cravens, Science 296, 1042–1045 (2002)
T.E. Cravens, E. Howell, J.H. Waite Jr., G.R. Gladstone, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 17,153–17,161 (1995)
T.E. Cravens, J. Vann, J. Clark, J. Yu, C.N. Keller, C. Brull, Adv. Space Res. 33, 212–215 (2004)
T.E. Cravens, T.E. Cravens, I.P. Robertson, J. Clark, J.-E. Wahlund, J.H. Waite Jr., S.A. Ledvina, H.B. Niemann, R.V. Yelle, W.T. Kasprzak, J.G. Luhmann, R.L. McNutt, W.H. Ip, V. De La Haye, I. Mueller-Wodarg, D.T. Young, A.J. Coates, Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L12108 (2005). doi:10.1029/2005GL023249
J.M. Curtis, R.K. Boyd, J. Chem. Phys. 80, 1150–1161 (1984)
A. Dalgarno, G.H. Herzberg, T.L. Stevens, Astrophys J. 162, L47 (1970)
I. de Pater, J.J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001)
I. de Pater, S.T. Massie, Icarus 62, 143–171 (1985)
A. Dalgarno, H.R. Sadeghpour, Phys. Rev. A 46, R3591–R3593 (1992)
D.R. Denne, J. Phys. D 3, 1392–1398 (1970)
K. Dennerl, V. Astron. Astrophys. 386, 319–330 (2002)
K. Dennerl, V. Burwitz, J. Englhauser, C. Lisse, S. Wolke, Astron. Astrophys. 386, 319–330 (2002)
R.A. Doe, J.D. Kelly, D. Lummerzheim, G.K. Parks, M.J. Brittnacher, G.A. Germany, J. Spann, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24(8), 999–1002 (1997)
D.P. Drob, R.R. Meier, J.M. Picone, D.J. Strickland, R.J. Cox, A.C. Nicholas, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 4267 (1999)
G. Dujardin, M.J. Besnard, L. Heller, Y. Malinovich, Phys. Rev. A 35, 5012–5019 (1987)
R.H. Eather, Rev. Geophys. 5, 207–285 (1967)
A.K. Edwards, R.M. Wood, J. Chem. Phys. 76, 2938–2942 (1982)
A. Ehresmann, S. Machida, M. Kitayama, M. Ukai, K. Kameta, N. Kouichi, Y. Hatano, E. Shigemasa, T. Hayashi, J. Phys. B 33, 473–490 (2000)
R.F. Elsner et al., J. Geophys. Res. 110, A10207 (2005). doi:10.1029/2004JA010717
L.W. Esposito, R.G. Knollenberg, M. Ya Marov, O.B. Toon, R.P. Turco, in Venus (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1983)
L.W. Esposito, J.-L. Bertaux, V. Krasnopolsky, V.I. Moroz, L.V. Zasova, in Venus II, ed. by S.W. Bougher, D.M. Hunten, R.J. Phillips (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1997)
E. Fainelli, R. Maracci, L. Avaldi, J. Electron. Spectrosc. Rad. Transf. 123, 277–286 (2002)
X. Fang, M.W. Liemohn, J.U. Kozyra, S.C. Solomon, J. Geophys. Res. 110, A07302 (2005). doi:10.1029/2004JA010915
M.O. Fillingim, G.K. Parks, H.U. Frey, T.J. Immel, S.B. Mende, Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L03113 (2005). doi:10.1029/2004GL021635
J.L. Fox, Planet. Space Sci. 36, 37–46 (1988)
J.L. Fox, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2901–2904 (1997)
J.L. Fox, J. Geophys. Res. 109, A11310 (2004). doi:10.1029/2004JA010380
J.L. Fox, Icarus 192 (2007). doi:10.1016/j.icarus2007.05.02
J.L. Fox, J.H. Black, Geophys. Res. Lett. 16, 291–294 (1989)
J.L. Fox, A. Dalgarno, J. Geophys. Res. 84, 7315–7333 (1979)
J.L. Fox, A. Dalgarno, J. Geophys. Res. 86, 629–639 (1981)
J.L. Fox, A.I.F. Stewart, Geophys. Res. 96(A6), 9821–9828 (1991)
J.L. Fox, G.A. Victor, J. Geophys. Res. 86, 2438–2442 (1981)
J.L. Fox, P. Zhou, S.W. Bougher, Adv. Space Res. 17, (11)203–(11)218 (1995)
R. Franceschi, R. Thissen, J. Žabka, J. Roithová, Z. Herman, O. Dutuit, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc. 228, 507–516 (2003)
H.U. Frey, Rev. Geophys. 45, RG1003 (2007). doi:10.1029/2005RG000174
H.U. Frey, S.B. Mende, T.J. Immel, S.A. Fuselier, E.S. Claflin, J.-C. Gérard, B. Hubert, J. Geophys. Res. 107(A7), 1091 (2002). doi:10.1029/2001JA900161
T.J. Fuller-Rowell, D.S. Evans, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 7606 (1987)
M. Galand, S. Chakrabarti, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 68, 1488–1501 (2006). doi:10.1016/jastp.2005.04.013
M. Galand, S. Chakrabarti, in Atmospheres in the Solar System: Comparative Aeronomy, ed. by M. Mendillo, A. Nagy, H. Waite, AGU Monograph, vol. 130 (AGU Press, 2002), pp. 55–76
M. Galand, D. Lummerzheim, J. Geophys. Res. 109(A3), A03307 (2004). doi:10.1029/2003JA010321
M. Galand, J. Lilensten, W. Kofman, R.B. Sidje, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 22,261–22,272 (1997)
M. Galand, R. Roble, D. Lummerzheim, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 27,973–27,990 (1999)
M. Galand, T.J. Fuller-Rowell, M.V. Codrescu, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 127–139 (2001)
M. Galand, D. Lummerzheim, A.W. Stephan, B.C. Bush, S. Chakrabarti, J. Geophys. Res. 107(A7) (2002). doi:10.1029/2001JA000235
M. Galand, A. Bhardwaj, S. Chakrabarti, in Advances in Geosciences, vol. 2: Solar Terrestrial (ST) Science. Editor-in-Chief Wing-Huen Ip, Volume Editor-in-Chief Marc Duldig (2006), pp. 239–248
L. Gan, C.N. Keller, T.E. Cravens, Geophys. Res. 97, 12,137–12,151 (1992)
J.-C. Gérard, D. Grodent, J. Gustin, A. Saglam, J.T. Clarke, J.T. Trauger, J. Geophys. Res. 109, A09207 (2004). doi:10.1029/2004JA010513
G.A. Germany, G.K. Parks, M. Brittnacher, J. Cumnock, D. Lummerzheim, J.F. Spann, L. Chen, P.G. Richards, F.J. Rich, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 995 (1997)
T. Gilbert, T.L. Grebner, I. Fischer, P. Chen, J. Chem. Phys. 110, 5485–5488 (1999)
G.R. Gladstone, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 1377–1387 (1992)
G.R. Gladstone, M. Allen, Y.L. Yung, Icarus 119, 1–52 (1996)
G.R. Gladstone, S.A. Stern, D.C. Slater, M. Versteeg, M.W. Davis, K.D. Retherford, L.A. Young, A.J. Steffl, H. Throop, J.W. Parker, H.A. Weaver, A.F. Cheng, G.S. Orton, J.T. Clarke, J.D. Nichols, Science 318, 229 (2007). doi:10.1126/science.1147613
M. Glass-Maujean, Phys. Rev. A 33, 342–345 (1986)
M. Glass-Maujean, S. Klumpp, L. Werner, A. Ehresmann, H. Schmoranzer, J. Chem. Phys. 126, 144303 (2007)
D. Grodent, J.H. Waite, J.-C. Gérard, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 12,933 (2001)
G. Gronoff, J. Lilensten, C. Simon, O. Witasse, R. Thissen, O. Dutuit, C. Alcaraz, Astron. Astrophys. 465, 641–645 (2007)
E.M. Gurrola, E.A. Marouf, V.R. Eshleman, G.L. Tyler, P.A. Rosen, in Abstract Book (AZ, Tucson, 1992), p. 28
J. Gustin, J.-C. Gerard, D. Grodent, S.W.H. Cowley, J.T. Clarke, A. Grard, J. Geophys. Res. 109, A10205 (2004). doi:10.1029/2003JA010365
D.A. Hardy, M.S. Gussenhoven, D. Brautigam, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 370–392 (1989)
J.H. Hecht, D.J. Strickland, M.G. Conde, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 68, 1502–1519 (2006). doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2005.06.022
H. Helm, P.C. Cosby, J. Chem. Phys. 90, 4208–4215 (1989)
B.L. Henke, P. Lee, J. Tanaka, R.L. Shimabukuro, B.K. Fujikawa, Atomic Data Nucl. Data Tables 27, 1–144 (1982)
B.L. Henke, E.M. Gullikson, J.C. Davis, Atomic Data Nucl. Data Tables 54, 181–342 (1993)
L. Heroux, H.E. Hinteregger, J. Geophys. Res. 83, 5305–5308 (1978)
G. Herzberg, Spectra of Diatomic Molecules (van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1950)
D.P. Hinson, J.D. Twicken, E.T. Karayel, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 9505–9520 (1998)
H.E. Hinteregger, K. Fukui, B.R. Gibson, Geophys. Res. Lett. 8, 1147–1150 (1981)
P. Honvault, M. Gargaud, M.C. Bacchus-Montabonel, R. McCarroll, Astron. Astrophys. 302, 931–934 (1995)
F. Howorka, A.A. Viggiano, D.L. Albritton, E.E. Ferguson, F.C. Fehsenfeld, J. Geophys. Res. 84, 5941–5942 (1979)
S. Hsieh, J.H.D. Eland, J. Phys. B 29, 5795–5809 (1996)
J.H. Hubbell, W.J. Veigele, E.A. Briggs, R.T. Brown, D.T. Cromer, R.J. Howerron, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 4, 471–538 (1975)
D.L. Huestis, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Rad. Trans. 69, 709–721 (2001)
D.L. Huestis et al., Space Sci. Rev. (2008, this issue)
T.J. Immel, S.B. Mende, H.U. Frey, L.M. Peticolas, C.W. Carlson, J.-C. Gérard, B. Hubert, S.A. Fuselier, J.L. Burch, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(11), 1519 (2002). doi:10.1029/2001GL013847
G. Israel et al., Nature 438 (2005), doi:10.1038/nature04349
B.M. Jakosky, R.M. Haberle, in Mars, ed. by H.H. Kieffer, B.M. Jakosky, C.W. Snyder, M.S. Matthews (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1992), pp. 969–1016
E. Jannitti, P. Nicoloso, G. Tondello, Physica Scripta 41, 458–463 (1990)
R.E. Johnson, Energetic Charged Particle Interactions with Atmospheres and Surfaces (Springer, Berlin, 1990)
R.E. Johnson, Space Sci. Revs. 69, 215–253 (1994)
R.E. Johnson, Proc. Royal Soc. (Lond.) (2008, in press)
R.E. Johnson, M. Liu, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 3639–3647 (1998)
R.E. Johnson, J.G. Luhmann, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 3649–3653 (1998)
P.V. Johnson, D. Schnellenberger, M.C. Wong, J. Geophys. Res. 105, 1659–1670 (2000)
P.V. Johnson, C.P. Malone, I. Kanik, K. Tran, M.A. Khakoo, J. Geophys. Res. 110, A11311 (2005). doi:10.1029/2005JA011295
R.E. Johnson, M.R. Combi, J.L. Fox, W.-H. Ip, F. Leblanc, M.A. McGrath, V.I. Shematovich, D.F. Strobel, J.H. Waite, Space Sci. Rev. (2008, this issue)
A.L. Jones, A.J. Blake, L. Torop, D.G. McCoy, Chem. Phys. 211, 291–297 (1996)
R.T. Jongma, G. Berden, G. Meijer, J. Chem. Phys. 107, 7034–7040 (1997)
P.S. Julienne, D. Neumann, M. Krauss, J. Chem. Phys. 64, 2990–2996 (1976)
R.A. Kahn, T.Z. Martin, R.W. Zurek, S.W. Lee, in Mars, ed. by H.H. Kieffer, B.M. Jakosky, C.W. Snyder, M.S. Matthews (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1992), pp. 1017–1053
E. Kallio, S. Barabash, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 165–177 (2001)
E. Kallio, J.G. Luhmann, S. Barabash, Charge exchange near Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 22,183–22,198 (1997)
C.N. Keller, T.E. Cravens, L. Gan, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 12,117–12,135 (1992)
V. Kharchenko, A. Dalgarno, D.R. Schultz, P.C. Stancil, Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L11105 (2006). doi:10.1029/2006GL026039
Y.H. Kim, J.L. Fox, Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 123 (1991)
Y.H. Kim, J.L. Fox, Icarus 112, 310–325 (1994)
J.H. Kim, S.J. Kim, T.R. Geballe, S.S. Kim, L.R. Brown, Icarus 185, 476–486 (2006)
M. Kimura, Chem. Phys. Lett. 200, 524–527 (1992)
H.R. Koslowski, H. Lebuis, V. Staemmler, R. Fink, J. Phys. B 24, 5023–5034 (1991)
V.A. Krasnopolsky, D.P. Cruikshank, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 21,271–21,286 (1995)
V.A. Krasnopolsky, B.R. Sandel, R. Herbert, R.J. Vervack, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 3065–3078 (1993)
M.O. Krause, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 8, 307–327 (1979)
G.S. Kudryashev, S.V. Avakyan, Phys. Chem. Earth (C) 25, 511–514 (2000)
J. La Coursiere, S.A. Meyer, G.W. Faris, T.G. Slanger, B.R. Lewis, S.T. Gibson, J. Chem. Phys. 110, 1949–1958 (1999)
H. Lammer, J.F. Kasting, E. Chassefiére, R.E. Johnson, Y.N. Kulikov, F. Tian, Space Sci. Rev. (2008, this issue)
M. Larsson, P. Baltzer, S. Svensson, B. Wannberg, N. Martensson, A. Naves de Brito, N. Correia, M.P. Keane, M. Carlsson-Göthe, L. Karlsson, J. Phys. B 23, 1175–1195 (1990)
M. Larsson, G. Sundström, L. Broström, S. Mannervik, J. Chem. Phys. 97, 1750–1756 (1992)
P.P. Lavvas, A. Keystones, I.M. Vardavas, Planet. Space Sci. 56, 67–99 (2008)
F. Leblanc, R.E. Johnson, Planet. Space Sci. 49, 645–656 (2001)
F. Leblanc, O. Witasse, J. Winningham, D. Brain, J. Lilensten, P.-L. Blelly, R.A. Frahm, J.S. Halekas, J.L. Bertaux, J. Geophys. Res. 111, A09313 (2006). doi:10.1029/2006JA011763
Ledvina et al., Space Sci. Rev. (2008, this issue)
L.C. Lee, C.C. Chiang, J. Chem. Phys. 78, 688–691 (1983)
P.C. Lee, J.B. Nee, J. Chem. Phys. 112, 1763–1768 (2000)
P.C. Lee, J.B. Nee, J. Chem. Phys. 114, 792 (2001)
B.R. Lewis, S.T. Gibson, J.P. Sprengers, W. Ubachs, A. Johansson, C.G. Wahlströom, J. Chem. Phys. 123, 23,601 (2005)
S.G. Lias, J.E. Bartmess, J.F. Liebman, J.L. Holmes, R.D. Levin, W.G. Mallard, Gas phase ion and neutral thermochemistry. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 17, 1–861 (1988)
D.R. Lide, Editor in Chief, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 88th edn. (Chemical Rubber Company Press, Boca Raton, 2008)
J. Lilensten, O. Witasse, C. Simon, H. Soldi-Lose, O. Dutuit, R. Thissen, C. Alcaraz, Geophys. Res. Lett. L03203 (2005). doi:10.1029/2004GL021432
J.J. Lin, D.W. Hwang, Y.T. Lee, X. Yang, J. Chem. Phys. 109, 1758–1762 (1996)
K. Liou, P.T. Newell, C.-I. Meng, A.T.Y. Lui, M. Brittnacher, G. Parks, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 27,197 (1997)
K. Liou, P.T. Newell, C.-I. Meng, M. Brittnacher, G. Parks, J. Geophys. Res. 103(A8), 17,543–17,557 (1998)
K. Liou, P.T. Newell, C.-I. Meng, J. Geophys. Res. 106(A4), 5531–5542 (2001)
B. Lohmann, S. Fritzsche, J. Phys. B 29, 5711–5723 (1996)
K.A. Long, H.G. Paretzke, J. Chem. Phys. 95, 1049 (1991)
M.A. López-Valverde, D.P. Edwards, M. López-Puertas, C. Roldan, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 16,799–16,811 (1998)
D.A. Lorentzen, Ann. Geophys. 18, 81–89 (2000)
G. Lu, M. Brittnacher, G. Parks, D. Lummerzheim, J. Geophys. Res. 105, 18,483 (2000)
G. Lu, D.N. Baker, R.L. McPherron, C.J. Farrugia, D. Lummerzheim, J.M. Ruohoniemi et al., J. Geophys. Res. 103, 11,685 (1998)
J.G. Luhmann, R.E. Johnson, M.H.G. Zhang, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 2151–2154 (1992)
D. Lummerzheim, M.H. Rees, H.R. Anderson, Planet. Space Sci. 37, 109–129 (1989)
D. Lummerzheim, M. Brittnacher, D. Evans, G.A. Germany, G.K. Parks, M.H. Rees, J.F. Spann, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 987 (1997)
D. Lummerzheim, M. Galand, J. Semeter, M.J. Mendillo, M.H. Rees, F.J. Rich, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 141–148 (2001)
M. Lundqvist, P. Baltzer, D. Edvardsson, L. Karlsson, B. Wannberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 1058–1061 (1995)
M. Lundqvist, D. Edvardsson, P. Baltzer, B. Wannberg, J. Phys. B 29, 1489–1499 (1996)
Y.-J. Ma, A.F. Nagy, Geophys. Res. Lett. 34 (2007). doi:10.1029/2006GL029208
Y.-J. Ma, K. Altwegg, T. Breus, M.R. Combi, T.E. Cravens, E. Kallio, S.A. Ledvina, J.G. Luhmann, S. Miller, A.F. Nagy, A.J. Ridley, D.F. Strobel, Space Sci. Rev. (2008, this issue)
T.D. Märk, J. Chem. Phys. 63, 3731–3736 (1975)
A. Marten, T. Hidayat, Y. Biraud, R. Moreno, Icarus 158, 532–544 (2002)
P.A. Martin, F.R. Bennett, J.P. Maier, J. Chem. Phys. 100, 4766–4774 (1994)
D. Mathur, Phys. Rep. 225, 193–272 (1993)
D. Mathur, Phys. Rep. 391, 1–118 (2004)
D. Mathur, L.H. Andersen, P. Hvelplund, D. Kella, C.P. Safvan, J. Phys. B 28, 3415–3426 (1995)
T. Matsui, A.S.-C. Cheung, W.W.-S. Leung, K. Yoshino, W.H. Parkinson, A.P. Thorne, J.E. Murray, K. Ito, T. Imajo, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 219, 45–57 (2003)
A. Maurellis, T.E. Cravens, G. Randall Gladstone, J.H. Waite, L.W. Acton, Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 1339–1342 (2000)
K.E. McCulloh, J. Chem. Phys. 48, 2090–2093 (1968)
M.A. McGrath et al., in Jupiter: Planet, Atmosphere, Magnetosphere, ed. by F. Bagenal et al. (2004), Chap. 19
M.A. McGrath, R.E. Johnson, Icarus 69, 519 (1987)
R. Meier, G. Crowley, D.J. Strickland, A.B. Christensen, L.J. Paxton, D. Morrison, C.L. Hackert, J. Geophys. Res. 110, A09S41 (2005). doi:10.1029/2004JA010990
M. Mendillo, P. Withers, in Radio Sounding and Plasma Physics, ed. by P. Song, J. Foster, M. Mendillo, D. Bilitza (Am. Inst. Physics, 2008), #978–0–7354–0493–9
M. Mendillo, P. Withers, D. Hinson, H. Rishbeth, B. Reinisch, Science 311, 1135–1138 (2006)
M. Mendillo, S. Laurent, J. Wilson, J. Baumgardner, J. Konrad, W.C. Karl, Nature 448, 330–332 (2007)
C.-I. Meng, K. Liou, P.T. Newell, Phys. Chem. Earth (C) 26, 43–47 (2001)
J.E. Mentall, E.P. Gentieu, J. Chem. Phys. 52, 5641–5645 (1970)
M. Michael, R.E. Johnson, Planet. Space Sci. 53, 1510–1514 (2005)
M. Michael, R.E. Johnson, F. Leblanc, M. Liu, J.G. Luhmann, V.I. Shematovich, Icarus 175, 263–267 (2005)
H.H. Michels, in The Excited State in Chemical Physics (Wiley, New York, 1981) pp. 241–265
D.L. Mitchell, R.P. Lin, H. Rème, D.H. Crider, P.A. Cloutier, J.E.P. Connerney, M.H. Acuña, N.F. Ness, Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 1871–1874 (2000)
W.E. Moddeman, T.A. Carlson, M.O. Krause, B.P. Pullen, W.E. Bull, G.K. Schweitzer, J. Chem. Phys. 55, 2317–2336 (1971)
P.F. Morrissey, P.D. Feldman, J.T. Clarke, B.C. Wolven, D.F. Strobel, S.T. Durrance, J.T. Trauger, Astrophys. J. 476, 918 (1997)
J.I. Moses, Icarus 143, 244–298 (2000)
J.I. Moses, M. Allen, Y.L. Yung, Icarus 99, 318–346 (1992)
L. Mrázek, J. Žabka, Z. Dolejšek, J. Hrušák, Z. Herman, J. Phys. Chem. A 104, 7294–7303 (2000)
A. Mühleisen, M. Budnar, J.-Cl. Dousse, Phys. Rev. A 54, 3852–3858 (1996)
Müller-Wodarg et al., Space Sci. Rev. (2008, this issue)
A.S. Mullin, D.M. Szaflarski, K. Yokoyama, G. Gerber, W.C. Lineberger, J. Chem. Phys. 96, 3636–3648 (1992)
A.F. Nagy, P.M. Banks, J. Geophys. Res. 75(31), 6260–6270 (1970)
F.L. Nesbitt, G. Marston, L.J. Stief, J. Phys. Chem. 95, 7613–7617 (1991)
A. Noelle, G.K. Hartman, D. Lary, S. Le Calve, S. Trick, A.D. Vandaele, R.P. Wayne, C.Y.R. Wu, UV/Vis Spectra Data Base, Science-softCon, 5th edn (2007)
B. Noller, I. Fischer, J. Chem. Phys. 126, 144302 (2007)
K. Onda, M. Ejiri, Y. Itikawa, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 27,991–28,001 (1999)
N. Østgaard, J. Stadsnes, J. Bjordal, R.R. Vondrak, S.A. Cummer, D.L. Chenette, M. Schulz, J. Pronko, J. Geophys. Res. 105, 20,869 (2000)
N. Østgaard, J. Stadsnes, J. Bjordal, G.A. Germany, R.R. Vondrak, G.K. Parks, S.A. Cummer, D.L. Chenette, J.G. Pronko, J. Geophys. Res. 106(A11), 26,081–26,089 (2001)
D. Pallamraju, S. Chakrabarti, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 68, 1459–1471 (2006). doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2005.05.013
L. Pallier, R. Prangé, Geophys. Res. Lett. 31(6), L06701 (2004). doi:10.1029/2003GL018041
H.G. Paretzke, Adv. Space Res. 9, 15–20 (1989)
F. Penent, P. Lablanquie, R.I. Hall, J. Palaudoux, K. Ito, Y. Hikosaka, T. Aoto, J.H.D. Eland, J. Electron. Spectrosc. Rel. Phenom. 7–11, 144–147 (2005)
J.J. Perry, Y.H. Kim, J.L. Fox, H.S. Porter, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 16,541–16,565 (1999)
D. Petrini, F.X. de Araújo, Astron. Astrophys. 282, 315–317 (1994)
M. Pospieszalska, R.E. Johnson, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 7565–7573 (1996)
R. Prangé, D. Régo, L. Pallier, L. Ben Jaffel, C. Emerich, J. Ajello, J.T. Clarke, G.E. Ballester, Astrophys. J. 484, L169–L173 (1997)
R. Prangé, L. Pallier, K.C. Hansen, R. Howard, A. Vourlidas, R. Courtin, C. Parkinson, Nature 432, 78–81 (2004). doi:10.1038/nature02986
R.G. Prinn, in The Photochemistry of Atmospheres: Earth, the Other Planets, and Comets, ed. by J.S. Levine (Academic Press, Orlando, 1985)
M.H. Rees, Planet. Space Sci. 11, 1209–1218 (1963). doi:10.1016/0032-0633(63)90252-6
M.H. Rees, Physics and Chemistry of the Upper Atmosphere (Cambridge University Press, New York, 1989)
M.H. Rees, B.A. Emery, R.G. Roble, K. Stamnes, J. Geophys. Res. 88, 6289–6300 (1983)
M.H. Rees, D. Lummerzheim, R.G. Roble, Space Sci. Rev. 71, 691 (1995)
D. Régo, R. Prangé, L. Ben Jaffel, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 5939–5954 (1999)
D. Régo, J.T. Clarke, L. Ben Jaffel, G.E. Ballester, R. Prangé, J. McConnell, Icarus 150, 234–243 (2001). doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6583
H. Rishbeth, O.K. Garriott, Introduction to Atmospheric Physics (Academic Press, New York, 1969)
R.G. Roble, E.C. Ridley, R.E. Dickinson, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 8745–8758 (1987)
C. Roldán, M.A. Lopez-Valverde, M. Lopez-Puertas, D.P. Edwards, Icarus 147, 11–25 (2000)
H.R. Sadeghpour, A. Dalgarno, Phys. Rev. A. 47, R2458–R2459 (1993)
C. Sætre, C.A. Barth, J. Stadsnes, N. Østgaard, S.M. Bailey, D.N. Baker, G.A. Germany, J.W. Gjerloev, J. Geophys. Res. 112, A08306 (2007). doi:10.1029/2006JA012203
C.P. Safvan, M.J. Jensen, H.B. Pedersen, L.H. Andersen, Phys. Rev. A 60, R3361–R3364 (1999). Erratum in Phys. Rev. A, 60, R3361 (1999)
J.A.R. Samson, G.N. Haddad, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 277–279 (1994)
R.P. Saxon, T.G. Slanger, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 9877 (1986)
R.W. Schunk, A.F. Nagy, Ionospheres: Physics, Plasma Physics, and Chemistry (Cambridge University Press, New York, 2000)
K. Seiersen, A. Al-Khalili, O. Heber, M.J. Jensen, I.B. Pedersen, C.P. Safvan, L.H. Andersen, Phys. Rev. A 68, 022708 (2003a)
K. Seiersen, O. Heber, M.J. Jensen, C.P. Safvan, L.H. Andersen, J. Chem. Phys. 119, 839–843 (2003b)
V.I. Shematovich, D.V. Bisikalo, J.-C. Gérard, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 23,217 (1994)
V.I. Shematovich, R.E. Johnson, M. Michael, J.G. Luhmann, J. Geophys. Res. 108, 5087 (2003). doi:10.1029/2003JE002094
E. Shigemasa, T. Gejo, M. Nagasono, T. Hatsui, N. Kosugi, Phys. Rev. A 66, 022508 (2002)
C. Simon, J. Lilensten, O. Dutuit, R. Thissen, O. Witasse, C. Alcaraz, H. Soldi-Lose, Ann. Geophys. 23, 781–797 (2005)
D.E. Siskind, D.J. Strickland, R.R. Meier, T. Majeed, F.G. Eparvier, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 19,687–19,694 (1989)
T.G. Slanger et al., Space Sci. Rev. (2008, this issue)
F.L. Smith, C. Smith, J. Geophys. Res. 77, 3592–3597 (1972)
P.F. Smith, K. Yoshino, W.H. Parkinson, K. Ito, G. Stark, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 17,529–17,533 (1991)
S.C. Solomon, Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 185–188 (1993)
J.P. Sprengers, W. Ubachs, K.G.H. Baldwin, J. Chem. Phys. 122, 144301 (2005)
S.C. Solomon, S.M. Bailey, T.N. Woods, Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 2149–2152 (2001)
V. Srivastava, V. Singh, J. Geophys. Res. 93, 5845–5854 (1988)
G. Stark, K. Yoshino, P.L. Smith, J.R. Esmond, K. Ito, M.H. Stevens, Astrophys. J. 410, 837–842 (1993)
G. Stark, K.P. Huber, K. Yoshino, P.L. Smith, K. Ito, J. Chem. Phys. 123, 214303 (2005)
G. Stark, K. Yoshino, P.L. Smith, K. Ito, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Rad. Transf. 103, 67–73 (2007)
M.H. Stevens, D.F. Strobel, M.E. Summers, R.V. Yelle, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 669–672 (1992)
J.A.D. Stockdale, J. Chem. Phys. 66, 1792–1794 (1977)
D.J. Strickland, D.L. Book, T.P. Coffey, J.A. Fedder, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 2755–2764 (1976)
D.J. Strickland, R.R. Meier, J.H. Hecht, A.B. Christensen, J. Geophys. Res. 94(A10), 13,527–13,539 (1989)
D.J. Strickland, R.J. Cox, R.R. Meier, D.P. Drob, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 4251 (1999)
D.J. Strickland, J. Bishop, J.S. Evans, T. Majeed, R.J. Cox, D. Morrison, G.J. Romick, J.F. Carbary, L.J. Paxton, C.-I. Meng, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 65 (2001)
D.F. Strobel, in Atmospheres in the Solar System: Comparative Aeronomy, ed. by M. Mendillo, A. Nagy, H. Waite, AGU Monograph, vol. 130 (AGU Press, 2002), pp. 7–22
G. Sundström, M. Carlson, M. Larsson, Broström, Chem. Phys. Lett. 218, 17–20 (1994)
S. Svensson, J. Phys. B 38, S821–S835 (2005)
S. Svensson, A. Naves de Brito, M.P. Keane, N. Correia, L. Karllson, C.-M. Liegenner, A. Ågren, J. Phys. B 25, 135–144 (1992)
P.R. Taylor, H. Partridge, J. Phys. Chem. 91, 6148–6151 (1987)
H.A. Taylor, H.C. Brinton, S.J. Bauer, R.E. Hartle, P.A. Cloutier, R.E. Daniell, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 7765–7777 (1980)
H.A. Taylor, Th. Encrenaz, D.M. Hunten, P.G.J. Irwin, T. Cowan, in Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites, and Magnetospheres, ed. by F. Bagenal, T.E. Dowling, W.B. McKinnon (2004)
W.K. Tobiska, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 53, 1005–1018 (1991)
W.K. Tobiska, Adv. Space. Res. 34(8), 1736–1746 (2004)
W.K. Tobiska, S.D. Bouwer, Adv. Space Res. 37(2), 347–358 (2006). doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.015
M.G. Tomasko et al., Nature 438, 765–778 (2005)
M.R. Torr, D.G. Torr, R.A. Ong, H.E. Hinteregger, Geophys. Res. Lett. 6, 771–774 (1979)
M. Uda, H. Endo, K. Maeda, Y. Awaya, M. Kobayashi, Y. Sasa, H. Kumagi, T. Tomma, Phys. Rev. Lett. 42, 1257–1269 (1979)
E.F. van Dishoeck, J.H. Black, Astrophys. J. 334, 771–802 (1988)
D.A. Verner, D.G. Yakovlev, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 109, 125–133 (1995)
D.A. Verner, G.J. Ferland, K.T. Korista, D.G. Yakovlev, Astrophys. J. 465, 487–498 (1996)
G.A. Victor, E.R. Constantinides, Geophys. Res. Lett. 6, 519–522 (1979)
J.H. Waite, T.E. Cravens, Adv. Space Res. 7(12), 119–134 (1987)
J.H. Waite, D. Lummerzheim, in Atmospheres in the Solar System: Comparative Aeronomy, ed. by M. Mendillo, A. Nagy, H. Waite, AGU Monograph, vol. 130 (AGU Press, 2002), pp. 115–139
J.H. Waite, G.R. Gladstone, W.S. Lewis, P. Drossart, T.E. Cravens, A.N. Maurellis, B.H. Mauk, S. Miller, Science 276, 104–108 (1997)
C.W. Walter, P.C. Cosby, H. Helm, J. Chem. Phys. 99, 3553–3561 (1993)
R.A. West, K.H. Baines, A.J. Friedson, D. Banfield, B. Ragent, F.W. Taylor, in Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites, and Magnetosphere, ed. by F. Bagenal, T.E. Dowling, W. McKinnon (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004)
R.W. Wetmore, R.K. Boyd, J. Phys. Chem. 90, 5540–5551 (1986)
J.K. Wilson, M. Mendillo, J. Baumgardner, N.M. Schneider, J.T. Trauger, B. Flynn, Icarus 157, 476–489 (2002)
J.D. Winningham, D.T. Decker, J.U. Kozyra, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 15,335–15,348 (1989)
O. Witasse et al., Space Sci. Rev. (2008, this issue)
O. Witasse, O. Dutuit, J. Lilensten, R. Thissen, J. Zabka, C. Alcaraz, P.-L. Blelly, S.W. Bougher, S. Engel, L.H. Andersen, K. Seiersen, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 1263 (2002). doi:10.1029/2002GL014781
T.N. Woods, F.G. Eparvier, S.M. Bailey, P.C. Charberlin, J. Lean, G.J. Rottman, S.C. Solomon, W.K. Tobiska, D.L. Woodraska, J. Geophys. Res. 110, A01312 (2005). doi:10.1029/2004JA010765
J.S. Wright, D.J. Carpenter, A.B. Alekseyev, H.-P. Lieberman, R. Lingott, R.J. Buenker, Chem. Phys. Lett. 266, 391–396 (1997)
C.Y.R. Wu, F.Z. Chen, D.L. Judge, J. Geophys. Res. 109, E07S15 (2004). doi:10.1029/2003JE002180
M. Yan, H.R. Sadeghpour, A. Dalgarno, Astrophys. J. 496, 1044–1050 (1998)
Yelle, Miller, in Jupiter, the Planet, Satellites, and Magnetosphere, ed. by F. Bagenal et al. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002)
R.V. Yelle, J.I. Lunine, J.B. Pollack, R.W. Brown, in Neptune and Triton, ed. by D.P. Cruikshank (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1995), pp. 1031–1106
R.V. Yelle, N. Borggren, V. de la Haye, W.T. Kasprzak, H.B. Niemann, I. Müller-Wodard, J.H. Waite, Icarus 182, 567–576 (2006)
K. Yoshino, D.E. Freedman, W.H. Parkinson, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 13, 207–227 (1984)
K. Yoshino, A.S.-C. Cheung, J.R. Esmond, W.H. Parkinson, D.E. Freedman, S.L. Guberman, A. Jenvrier, B. Coquart, M.F. Merienne, Planet. Space Sci. 36, 1469–1475 (1988)
K. Yoshino, J.R. Esmond, A.S.-C. Cheung, D.E. Freedman, W.H. Parkinson, Planet. Space Sci. 40, 185–192 (1992)
K. Yoshino, G. Stark, J.R. Esmond, P.L. Smith, K. Ito, T. Matsui, Astrophys. J. 438, 1013–1016 (1995)
K. Yoshino, J.R. Esmond, Y. Sun, W.H. Parkinson, K. Ito, T. Matsui, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Rad. Trans. 55, 53–60 (1996)
K. Yoshino, W.H. Parkinson, K. Ito, T. Matsui, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 229, 238–243 (2005)
R.W. Zurek, J.R. Barnes, R.M. Haberle, J.B. Pollack, J.E. Tillman, C.B. Leovy, in Mars, ed. by H.H. Kieffer, B.M. Jakosky, C.W. Snyder, M.S. Matthews (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1992), pp. 835–933
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fox, J.L., Galand, M.I. & Johnson, R.E. Energy Deposition in Planetary Atmospheres by Charged Particles and Solar Photons. Space Sci Rev 139, 3–62 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-008-9403-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-008-9403-7
Keywords
- Energy deposition
- Photon absorption
- Chapman functions
- Heating efficiencies
- Auger electrons
- Characteristic X-rays
- X-ray absorption
- Doubly charged ions
- Core-excited ions
- Auroral electrons
- Auroral emissions
- Color ratios
- Auroral particles
- Heavy ions
- Electron transport
- Pickup ions
- Range of energetic particles
- Knock-on
- Recoil particles
- Energy loss per ion pair