On Polar Magnetic Field Reversal in Solar Cycles 21, 22, 23, and 24

Abstract

The Sun’s polar magnetic fields change their polarity near the maximum of sunspot activity. We analyzed the polarity reversal epochs in Solar Cycles 21 to 24. There was a triple reversal in the N-hemisphere in Solar Cycle 24 and single reversals in the rest of the cases. We used data of the Wilcox Solar Observatory (WSO) to determine the polarity reversals at high latitudes and then compared these timings with the epochs when the reversals were completed in the N- and S-hemispheres. The reversal times were compared with hemispherical sunspot activity and with the Heliospheric Current Sheet (HCS) tilts, too. It was found that reversals occurred at the epoch of the sunspot activity maximum in Solar Cycles 21 and 23, and after the corresponding maxima in Solar Cycles 22 and 24, and one–two years after maximal HCS tilts calculated in WSO. Reversals in Solar Cycles 21, 22, 23, and 24 were completed first in the N-hemisphere and then in the S-hemisphere with a delay of 0.6, 1.1, 0.7, and 0.9 years, respectively. The polarity inversion in the near-polar latitude range ${\pm}\,(55\,\mbox{--}\,90)^{\circ}$ occurred from 0.5 to 2.0 years earlier than the times when the reversals were completed in the corresponding hemisphere. Using the maximal smoothed WSO polar field as precursor we estimated that the amplitude of Solar Cycle 25 will reach $116\pm 12$ in values of smoothed monthly sunspot numbers which will be comparable with the current cycle amplitude of 116.4.

1 Introduction

Studying of the evolution of the Sun’s polar magnetic fields is very important for understanding and forecasting of solar activity. Polar fields change their polarity at the epoch of solar maximum and remain predominantly unipolar during the most part of solar cycle. Polar fields are open, and their polarity and distribution determine the global structure of the solar corona and the interplanetary magnetic field (see, for example, review by Petrie, 2015, and references therein).

There are some difficulties in observation of the polar fields because they are observed from the Earth at large projection angles, and, moreover, the Sun’s northern and southern poles are out of sight during some period due to the 7.25° inclination of the Earth’s orbit to the plane of the solar equator. In the same way, the polar fields are, in general, significantly weaker than magnetic fields of sunspots and other active features in the middle and low latitudes.

Hale (1913) first reported about observed weak general magnetic field of the Sun with opposite polarity in the N- and S-hemispheres. Harold Babcock was the first to observe the asymmetric pattern of the polar reversal. He found that in Solar Cycle 19 the polarity reversal in the S-hemisphere preceded the N-hemisphere by approximately 18 months (Babcock, 1959). The shift in time in the polarity inversion at one pole relative to the other causes a transient situation when the two poles have the same polarity. It is, of course, only apparent, not real, this monopole magnetic situation at the Sun.

The evolution of the Sun’s polar magnetic fields is well consistent, in general, with Horace Babcock’s phenomenological model for the solar cycle (Babcock, 1961), with Leighton’s numerical kinematic flux transport model (Leighton, 1969) and, in more detail, with advanced modern theories of $\upalpha\Omega$-dynamo of the Babcock–Leighton type (see reviews by Wang, Nash, and Sheeley, 1989; Charbonneau, 2010; Ossendrijver, 2003; Petrie, Petrovay, and Schatten, 2014, and the references therein).

The polar fields have been actively observed since the 1960s at many observatories. Now they are regularly observed from the ground at the Kitt Peak National Observatory and at the Wilcox Solar Observatory (WSO), and from space using Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager onboard Solar Dynamics Observatory and Solar Optical Telescope onboard the Hinode spacecraft.

As a rule, in the N- and S-hemispheres, the polar field changes its polarity non-simultaneously. The asymmetry, or asynchrony, in the reversal process reflects the solar activity asymmetry between the hemispheres (Svalgaard and Kamide, 2013), especially asymmetry of the high-latitudinal magnetic fields (Mordvinov and Yazev, 2014).

The reversal of the averaged magnetic field at high latitudes, over ${\pm}\,55^{\circ}$ latitude, occurs approximately a year earlier than directly at the poles (Pishkalo, Babii, and Ivanchuk, 2005).

Polar field distribution can be studied by indirect methods too, such as distribution of filaments or coronal holes. Filaments (prominences) at high latitudes mark neutral lines between regions with predominantly unipolar and opposite-polarity magnetic flux. Coronal holes, in turn, mark regions with unipolar open magnetic flux.

Using $\mbox{H}\upalpha$ synoptic charts and data on polar prominences, Makarov et al. (Makarov, Fatianov, and Sivaraman, 1983; Makarov and Sivaraman, 1983, 1986) studied the distribution of filaments and filament channels at high latitudes in Solar Cycles 11 – 21 and found epochs of polarity reversals. Moreover, they reported that the polar reversals can repeatedly occur, i.e. triple reversals were found in the N-hemisphere in Solar Cycles 16, 19, and 20 and in the S-hemisphere in Solar Cycles 12 and 14.

In Solar Cycles 21 – 23 single reversals were identified in both hemispheres according to former results (Durrant and Wilson, 2003; Makarov and Sivaraman, 1986; Pishkalo, Babii, and Ivanchuk, 2005; Snodgrass, Kress, and Wilson, 2000; Webb, Davis, and McIntosh, 1984). On the other hand, Mordvinov and Yazev (2014) concluded that a triple reversal occurred at the north in Solar Cycle 21.

Many papers are devoted to the polar field reversals in the current Solar Cycle 24. However, the reversal times for Solar Cycle 24 reported by different researchers were different. In particular, Shiota et al. (2012) concluded that the reversal in the N-hemisphere should be completed by the middle of 2012. Svalgaard and Kamide (2013) pointed out that, as expected, the reversal first took place in the N-hemisphere. Karna, Hess Webber, and Pesnell (2014) found that the N-pole changed its polarity in the middle of 2012 and the S-hemisphere will go through reversal at least 1.5 years later. Upton and Hathaway (2014) forecasted the reversal of the global dipole field of the Sun to be completed by December 2013.

Mordvinov and Yazev (2014) found that in Solar Cycle 24 in the N-hemisphere the reversal ended by rotation 2036 (in early 2013). Sun et al. (2015) found that, at latitudes over ${\pm}\,60^{\circ}$, the averaged magnetic field changed its polarity in the N-hemisphere in November 2012 and in the S-hemisphere in March 2014, respectively.

Investigation of Pastor Yabar, Martínez González, and Collados (2015) indicated that the reversals in the N- and S-hemisphere were completed in April 2014 and February 2013, respectively.

Pishkalo and Leiko (2016) reported that triple reversal in the N-hemisphere and single reversal in the S-hemisphere were completed to the middle of 2014 (at the beginning of rotation 2150) and in April–May 2015 (at the beginning of rotation 2162), respectively.

Gopalswamy, Yashiro, and Akiyama (2016) found that the reversal in the S-hemisphere occurred around June 2014 and in the N-hemisphere only in October 2015.

Janardhan et al. (2018) found that the reversal in the N-hemisphere was multiple and completed only by November 2014, and in the S-hemisphere it was a single and clean reversal, which ended in November 2013.

Polar field in the cycle minimum can be considered as a physically based precursor of the following cycle maximum (Schatten et al., 1978). There are several predictions of the maximal amplitude of Solar Cycle 25, to date, based on the polar field evolution before the cycle minimum (Cameron, Jiang, and Schüssler, 2016; Upton and Hathaway, 2018; Wang, 2017).

The aim of this work is to compare the time of polarity reversal in the latitude range ${\pm}\,(55\,\mbox{--}\,90)^{\circ}$ with the time when reversals were completed at the poles, in Solar Cycles 21 to 24, and to estimate the maximal amplitude of Solar Cycle 25 using measurements of polar magnetic fields before the cycle minimum as a precursor.

2 Data

For the analysis we used monthly and monthly smoothed international sunspot numbers (since 1975) and the corresponding hemispherical values (since 1992) from the Sunspot Index and Long-term Solar Observations (SILSO, http://sidc.oma.be/SISLO, Version 2.0). Hemispherical sunspot numbers from 1975 to 2000, published by Temmer, Veronig, and Hanslmeier (2002), were also used to analyze the cycles before 1992.

Polar magnetic fields measured at the WSO (http://wso.stanford.edu) and the Heliospheric Current Sheet (HCS) tilts calculated by the WSO team in the line-of-sight and radial approaches of the PFSS-model were also analyzed. It should be noted that the polar field strength values, which were determined at the WSO and are used in this paper, are not the strengths of the magnetic field at the poles directly. They represent averaged magnetic fluxes from about the ${\pm}\,55^{\circ}$ latitude to the pole for the N- and S-hemisphere. The HCS tilts are maximal latitudes of the magnetic neutral lines at the source surface calculated for each Carrington rotation; they are limited to about ${\pm}\,75^{\circ}$ latitude.

It should also be mentioned that usually the strength of polar fields are not measured at the poles directly. The narrower is the latitude range near the pole where the strength of polar field is measured (or averaged), the closer the time of polarity inversion obtained to the real time when the reversal process is completed in the corresponding hemisphere.

Epochs of polar magnetic field reversal, i.e. times when the reversal process was completed in each hemisphere, in Solar Cycles 21, 22, and 23 were taken from the paper by Pishkalo, Babii, and Ivanchuk (2005), where they were determined from the analysis of polar prominences and filaments (as a time when polar filaments/prominences disappeared at poles).

For Solar Cycle 24 we used the times when polarity reversals were completed in both N- and S-hemispheres from our paper (Pishkalo and Leiko, 2016) where averaged magnetic fields were studied in some latitudinal ranges (zones) near the poles.

Although timings of reversal for Solar Cycles 21 – 23 and for Solar Cycle 24 were obtained using different methods they can be reasonably used in our study. It was shown in many investigations that the position and evolution of magnetic neutral lines inferred from magnetic observations and from $\mbox{H}\upalpha$ synoptic charts (filaments and filament/prominence bands) are in good (one–two solar rotations) agreement (see, e.g., Duvall et al., 1977; Makarov and Sivaraman, 1986; Durrant, 2002; Snodgrass, Kress, and Wilson, 2000). Timings of reversal for the same solar cycle obtained by these methods differ usually by one–two rotations (Pishkalo, Babii, and Ivanchuk, 2005).

3 Results

The evolutions of international sunspot number and the modulus of the WSO polar field strength, from 1975 to the present time, are shown in Figure 1. The smoothed values are represented by solid lines.

Figure 1

Monthly sunspot number (top) and modulus of the mean polar field measured at the WSO (bottom) with time in Solar Cycles from 21 to 24. Smoothed values are shown by thick lines.

One can see that solar activity is gradually diminished from Solar Cycles 21 to 24. Solar Cycles 22, 23, and 24 are clearly two-peaked. The maximal smoothed sunspot number in Solar Cycle 24 is only about a half of the corresponding value in Solar Cycle 21.

Polar magnetic fields are maximal and minimal at about the epoch of the activity minimum and maximum, respectively. The strength of polar field, measured before minima of Solar Cycles 24 and 25, are similar. It equals only half of the magnitude of polar magnetic field at the minimum of Solar Cycle 22.

The time evolution of smoothed polar magnetic fields, observed at WSO in Solar Cycles from 21 to 24 in the latitude range from ${\pm}\,55^{\circ}$ to the poles, is shown in Figure 2. Polar fields observed in the N- and S-hemispheres are shown by solid and dotted lines, respectively. Epochs of polar field reversals in the latitude range ${\pm}\,(55\,\mbox{--}\,90)^{\circ}$ and at the poles (i.e. when the reversals were completed) are indicated by thin and thick vertical lines.

Figure 2

Smoothed WSO polar magnetic fields in Solar Cycles 21 to 24 (from top to bottom). Times of the reversals in the latitude range ${\pm}\,(55\,\mbox{--}\,90)^{\circ}$ and at the poles are shown by thin and thick vertical lines. Solid and dotted lines represent N- and S-hemispheres. Short vertical lines, thin and thick, in the bottom panel (Solar Cycle 24) correspond to second and third reversals in the latitude range 55 – 90° and to first and second reversals at the N-pole, respectively.

Figure 3 illustrates the HCS tilts in both hemispheres in time in Solar Cycles 21 to 24. Epochs of polar field reversals are shown by vertical lines. Classic (line-of-sight) and radial HCS tilts are plotted by thin and thick solid lines, respectively.

Figure 3

The HCS tilts calculated by WSO in radial (Radial) and classic line-of-sight (LoS) approach with time in Solar Cycles from 21 to 24 (top and bottom panels are for N- and S-hemispheres, respectively). Vertical lines represent times of polar field reversal (see caption for Figure 2). Note: The HCS tilt in the N(S)-hemisphere is the maximal N(S)-latitude of magnetic neutral line at the source surface, calculated in the PFSS-model, for each solar rotation.

Sunspot activity in the N- and S-hemispheres separately, since 1975, and epochs of polar magnetic field reversals are shown in Figure 4. Data from Temmer, Veronig, and Hanslmeier (2002) for years 1975 – 2000 and from SILSO for years 1992 – 2018 are presented by thin and thick lines, respectively. Taking into account the revision of international sunspot numbers which resulted in a rescaled new series in July of 2015 (Clette et al., 2014) and the calculated ratio of “new” and “old” sunspot numbers (Pishkalo, 2016), data by Temmer, Veronig, and Hanslmeier (2002) were multiplied by 1.5 to make them comparable with the SILSO data presented in the “new” revised scale of sunspot numbers.

Figure 4

Smoothed sunspot number $R$ for the N-hemisphere (top) and for the S-hemisphere (bottom) with time. Thin and thick lines correspond to data from Temmer, Veronig, and Hanslmeier (2002) for years 1975 – 2000 and from SILSO for years 1992 – 2018. Vertical lines represent times of polar field reversal (see caption for Figure 2).

3.1 Solar Cycle 21

The north and south poles had positive and negative magnetic polarity at the beginning of the cycle, respectively. The polarity inversion occurred first in the N-hemisphere, in the end of 1979 in the latitude range 55 – 90°, and the reversal was completed at the beginning of 1981. In the S-hemisphere, the reversal was completed in July 1981. Reversals were completed more than a year after the maximal HCS tilts. Both reversals, in the latitude range ${\pm}\,(55\,\mbox{--}\,90)^{\circ}$ and at poles, occurred at local maxima of sunspot activity in each hemisphere.

3.2 Solar Cycle 22

Polar magnetic field changed its polarity first in the N-hemisphere. In the S-hemisphere polar magnetic field measured by WSO became very small in the beginning of 1990, did not change its sign then finally changed polarity at about 1991.2. Reversal in the S-hemisphere was completed more than a year after the polarity inversion in the N-hemisphere. The reversal in the N-hemisphere occurred at maximum of the HCS tilts, but after maximum of hemispheric sunspot number. The reversal in the S-hemisphere, vice versa, occurred after maximum of the HCS tilts, but near the main maximum of hemispheric sunspot number.

3.3 Solar Cycle 23

The polarity inversion in the S-hemisphere started before reversal in the N-hemisphere and completed after it. Reversals occurred near local hemispherical maxima of sunspot activity. In both hemispheres reversals started near maxima of the HCS tilts. Reversals in the N- and S-hemisphere were completed by the epochs of 2001.2 and 2001.9, respectively.

3.4 Solar Cycle 24

Reversal in the N-hemisphere started first and completed first too. Polar field in the N-hemisphere changed its polarity three times, i.e. the triple reversal occurred. This is clearly seen from Figure 5, where the evolution of polar magnetic fields measured at WSO in the latitude range ${\pm}\,(55\,\mbox{--}\,90)^{\circ}$ is shown and, for comparison, calculated in four circumpolar caps using data from the SOLIS project (see, for more details, Pishkalo and Leiko, 2016). The narrower near-polar latitude range where polar magnetic fields are averaged corresponds to the later polarity inversion. In the N-hemisphere the triple reversal was completed approximately a year earlier than the single change of polarity in the S-hemisphere (2014.4 and 2015.3).

Figure 5

Polar fields in Solar Cycle 24 near the time of the reversals in N-hemisphere (top) and S-hemisphere (bottom). Thick lines represent measurements of WSO in the latitude range ${\pm}\,(55\,\mbox{--}\,90)^{\circ}$. Averaged polar magnetic fields calculated in several latitudinal ranges near the poles (Pishkalo and Leiko, 2016), using data from VSM/Kitt Peak (the SOLIS Project), are shown by thin lines and scaled to the WSO data. Vertical lines represent times of polar field reversal (see caption for Figure 2).

The reversals occurred at maximum of the HCS tilt in the N-hemisphere and after the corresponding maximum in the S-hemisphere. Epochs of reversal did not coincide with maximal hemispheric solar activity.

Information on epochs of the polarity inversion in both hemispheres in the latitude range ${\pm}\,(55\,\mbox{--}\,90)^{\circ}$ and at poles, in Solar Cycles 21, 22, 23, and 24, is summarized in Table 1.

Table 1 Epochs of the Sun’s polar magnetic field reversals in Solar Cycles 21 to 24.

3.5 Strength of the Next Cycle

Polar magnetic fields observed near the cycle minimum can be used as a precursor for prediction of the amplitude of sunspot activity in the following cycle (Schatten et al., 1978). The stronger the polar magnetic fields near the cycle minimum, the higher the amplitude of the next solar cycle (see Figure 1). Polar magnetic fields near minima of Solar Cycles 24 and 25 are about of the same strength. So, we can expect that the maximal amplitude of Solar Cycle 25 will be approximately equal to the amplitude of the present Solar Cycle 24.

The maximal strength of WSO filtered polar magnetic field is observed before the cycle minimum, not exactly at the minimum. It can help us to make a simple prediction of the strength of Solar Cycle 25.

Figure 6 shows the relation of the maximal smoothed monthly sunspot number and maximal WSO smoothed polar magnetic field. There are only three solar cycles with such corresponding parameters. For this reason we cannot do any serious statistical analysis, but we can do an amplitude estimation for the next Solar Cycle 25. Data for Solar Cycles 22, 23, and 24 lie on a straight line connecting the “24” and “22” points and can be fitted by the equation $Y = 1.466*X + 22.141$. The maximal values of WSO smoothed polar fields which were measured before the minima of Solar Cycles 24 and 25 are equal to 65 μT and 64 μT, respectively. Taking this fact into account we can predict the maximal amplitude of Solar Cycle 25: $116.0\pm 12.1$ in values of smoothed monthly sunspot number.

Figure 6

Monthly smoothed sunspot number at cycle maximum (Solar Cycles 22, 23, and 24) versus maximal WSO smoothed polar magnetic field (μT) in the latitudinal range ${\pm}\,(55\,\mbox{--}\,90)^{\circ}$ near the cycle minimum. The best linear fit is plotted by a dashed line. Predicted maximal smoothed monthly sunspot number for Solar Cycle 25 is shown by a dotted line.

4 Discussion and Conclusions

Solar activity decreased gradually from Solar Cycles 21 to 24 which is the weakest solar cycle in the last 100 years, after Solar Cycle 14. How will this continue? Will solar activity decrease in Solar Cycle 25 resulting in new Dalton or Maunder minimum? This question is very important now.

It is well known that variations of solar activity cause changes in the interplanetary and near-Earth space, which, in turn, affect many ground-based and space-borne technological systems (such as high-frequency radio communication and radars, ground power lines and the pipelines, space navigation and aero-navigation, etc.) and, in a certain way, also the climate and life on Earth.

Using the maximal value of filtered WSO polar field strength before the cycle minimum as precursor we estimated the maximal amplitude of Solar Cycle 25 to be similar to that of the present cycle. Our predicted amplitude of Solar Cycle 25 is in good agreement with other published predictions.

In particular, Wang (2017) predicted the Solar Cycle 25 to be similar in amplitude to Solar Cycle 24. His prediction was based on the observed evolution of polar fields and the axial dipole component of the Sun’s global field as of the end of 2015.

Upton and Hathaway (2018), using their advective flux transport model, estimated that the axial dipole strength at the start of 2020 will reach to $+1.56 \pm 0.05~\mbox{G}$. Then they predicted that Solar Cycle 25 will be a small one, whose amplitude will reach 95 – 97% of the amplitude of Solar Cycle 24. This shows that Solar Cycle 25 will be the smallest one in the amplitude in the last hundred years.

Using another similar surface flux transport simulations for the descending phase of Solar Cycle 24 Cameron, Jiang, and Schüssler (2016) found that Solar Cycle 25 will be of moderate amplitude, slightly higher than in the current cycle.

Bhowmik and Nandy (2018), using magnetic field evolution models for the Sun’s surface and interior, predicted that Solar Cycle 25 will be similar or slightly stronger than the current cycle and will reach its peak around 2024. On the other hand, Helal and Galal (2012) from the statistics of spotless events and using preliminarily predicted parameters of Solar Cycle 24 found that the maximal sunspot number in Solar Cycle 25 will be 118.2, using the scale before the revision of sunspot numbers in 2015 (or about 177 in the new V2.0 scaling), i.e. more than 1.5 times higher than in Solar Cycle 24. A similar amplitude of about 167 for Solar Cycle 25 was predicted also in Pishkalo (2016) using regression equations obtained from correlations between the “new” cycle parameters. Pesnell and Schatten (2018), on the basis of the SODA index, have predicted that amplitude of Solar Cycle 25 will equal $135\pm 25$. According to Okoh et al. (2018), who used the Ap index as precursor, predicted an amplitude of Solar Cycle 25 is of $122.1 \pm 18.2$. These five works forecast an increase of solar activity from the next cycle.

On the contrary, recently Covas, Peixinho, and Fernandes (2019) found that Solar Cycle 25 will have a maximal amplitude of $57\pm 17$. Their prediction, based on the so-called feed-forward artificial neural networks, indicates that Solar Cycle 25 will be one of the weakest in recorded history and that the tendency of further diminishing of solar activity will be sustained. Javaraiah (2017) also found that Solar Cycle 25 will be weaker than Solar Cycle 24.

Janardhan et al. (2018) studied the process of polar field reversal in Solar Cycles 21 – 24 and found the unusual nature and the significant hemispheric asymmetry of the field reversal pattern in Solar Cycle 24. They called the reversal in the current cycle “unusual”, mainly, because the reversal in the N-hemisphere was triple. They found that it started in June of 2012, was followed by a long period of near-zero field strength and ended in November of 2014.

We found that the reversal in the N-hemisphere was completed earlier, in the middle of 2014. Moreover, a multiple reversal is not a unique property of Solar Cycle 24. There were triple reversals in Solar Cycles 16, 19, 20, and, perhaps, 21 in the N-hemisphere and in Solar Cycles 12 and 14 in the S-hemisphere. Besides, there were long periods of small values of polar field strength in the S-hemisphere in Solar Cycles 22 and 23 although they did not result in multiple reversals (see Figure 2).

Triple, or, in common, multiple reversals seem to take place due to the appearance of active regions whose polarity is opposite to the usual (according to Hale’s law) hemispheric polarity in the cycle and their further migration to the pole (Mordvinov and Kitchatinov, 2019). Violations of the evolution of polar fields, including short-term polarity reversals, can also be caused by poleward transport of magnetic flux from active regions with negative (non-Joy’s) tilts. Ordinary reversals are regular attributes of the solar cycle, when magnetic flux from dispersing active regions migrate to the poles and cancel there, resulting in the polarity inversion at high latitudes (Mordvinov and Yazev, 2014; Petrie, 2015).

It seems that time lags between polar field reversals in the latitude range ${\pm}\,(55\,\mbox{--}\,90)^{\circ}$ and at the poles (when the reversal is completed in the corresponding hemisphere) reflect speeds of meridional circulation at high latitudes. One can conclude from Table 1 that the stronger the solar cycle, the faster the meridional flow at near-pole latitudes. For example, amplitudes of Solar Cycles 22 and 24 are 212.5 and 116.4, respectively, i.e. their ratio is less than 2. But the above-mentioned time lags of Solar Cycles 22 and 24 are approximately 0.6 and 1.9 years, respectively, i.e. their ratio is about 1/3. Further investigations can confirm such tendency.

Results of this work can be summarized as follows:

• i) Reversals, or polarity inversions, of the Sun’s polar magnetic fields in Solar Cycles 21 to 24 occurred near the epoch of the activity maximum in the N- and S-hemisphere, but sometimes they did not coincide with the corresponding hemispheric maxima of sunspot numbers.

• ii) There was a triple reversal in the N-hemisphere in Solar Cycle 24. The rest of reversals were single.

• iii) Reversals occurred approximately one–two years after maximal HCS tilts calculated at WSO.

• iv) The polarity inversion of polar magnetic fields measured at WSO in the near-polar latitude range ${\pm}\,(55\,\mbox{--}\,90)^{\circ}$ occurred 0.5 – 2.0 years earlier than the time when the reversals were completed in the corresponding hemisphere.

• v) Reversals of polar magnetic field in Solar Cycles 21, 22, 23, and 24 were completed first in the N-hemisphere, while in the S-hemisphere 0.6, 1.1, 0.7, and 0.9 years later, respectively.

• vi) Maximal smoothed WSO polar field strength, used as precursor, indicates that maximal amplitude of Solar Cycle 25 will be similar to the amplitude of the current cycle and will reach $116\pm 12$ in values of smoothed monthly sunspot numbers.