Abstract
This study reports the identification of a new class of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with a storage root showing unusual free sugar accumulation and novel starch. Twenty-seven clones high in free sugar were identified under cultivation in primitive rural community areas in the Amazon. Iodine test and glucose oxidase–peroxidase reagent strips were used, in the field, for identification of starch and glucose, respectively. Five out of these 27 clones of cassava were cultivated at EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and used for biochemical characterization, starch synthesis enzyme activities and gene expression analysis. Carbohydrates were fractioned into free sugar, polymerized water-soluble and -insoluble α-polyglucan. Clones of series CAS36 accumulate over 100 times more free sugar (mainly glucose) than commercial varieties. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed one clone with distinct water-soluble sugars not present in the commercial cultivar. Structure analysis of the water-soluble and -insoluble α-polyglucan revealed the presence of a glycogen-like starch in clone CAS36.1. This clone indicated disruption in the starch synthesis pathway for enzyme activities and protein blot analyses in ADPG-pyrophosphorylase and branching enzyme, and their corresponding protein. Gene expression analysis indicated the lack of transcript for the gene coding for branching enzyme, but not for the gene coding for the ADPG-pyrophosphorylase small subunit. In addition, the pattern of distribution of sugar and starch content showed to be related to tissue age in the storage root.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
A.C. Allem (1994) ArticleTitleThe origin of Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae) Genet. Res. Crop Evol. 41 133–150 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00051630
S. Ball H.P. Guan M. James P. Myers G. Mouille A. Buleons P. Colonna J. Preiss (1996) ArticleTitleFrom glycogen to amylopectin: a model for the biogenesis of the plant starch granule Cell 86 349–352 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80107-5 Occurrence Handle8756717
M.A. Ballicora Y. Fu N.M. Nesbitt J. Preiss (1998) ArticleTitleADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from potato tubers Site-directed mutagenesis studies of the regulatory sites. Plant Physiol. 118 265–274 Occurrence Handle10.1104/pp.118.1.265 Occurrence Handle9733546
T.Y. Bogracheva V. J. Morris S.G. Ring C.L. Hedley (1998) ArticleTitleThe granular structure of C-type pea starch and its role in gelatinization Biopolymers 45 323–332 Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1097-0282(19980405)45:4<323::AID-BIP6>3.0.CO;2-N
Cabral, G.B., Carvalho, L.J.C.B. and Schaal, B.A. 2000. The formation of storage roots in cassava. In: L.J.C.B. Carvalho, A.M. Thro and A.D. Vilarinhos (Eds.) Cassava Biotechnology, Proceedings of the IV International Scientific Meeting -- CBN (3--7 November 1998, Salvador, BA, Brazil), EMBRAPA-Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Brasilia-DF, Brazil, pp. 345--356.
Carvalho, L.J.C.B. 1990. Maize acid invertases: purification, characterization, localization and function. Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
L.J.C.B. Carvalho G.B. Cabral L. Campos (2000) Raiz de reserva de mandioca: um sistema biológico de múltiplas utilidade EMBRAPA-Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia. Serie Documentos 44. 16 pp. Brasilia DF, Brazil
J. Craig J.R. Lloyd K. Tomlinson L. Barber A. Edwards T.L. Wang C. Martin C.L. Hedley A.M. Smith (1998) ArticleTitleMutations in the gene encoding starch synthase II profoundly alter amylopectin structure in pea embryos Plant Cell 10 413–426 Occurrence Handle10.1105/tpc.10.3.413 Occurrence Handle9501114
A.G. da Cunha (1978) Dicionário Histórico das Palavras Portuguesas de Origem Tupi Companhia Melhoramentos Universidade de Brasília, Brasília Brasil 357
E.R. Daiuto (2000) Biosintese de amido durante o crescimento secundario da raiz de reserva da mandioca M.Sc. Dissertation Universidade Estadual de São Paulo Botucatu-SP, Brazil
M. de Albuquerque (1969) A mandioca na Amazônia SUDAM Belém-PA, Brasil 277
CRB. de Souza (2001) Isolamento e caracterização molecular de genes e proteínas de raiz de reserva de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Ph.D. Dissertation Universidade de Brasilia Brazil
A. Edwards D.C. Fulton C.M. Hylton S.A. Jobling M. Gidley U. Rossner C. Martin A.M. Smith (1999) ArticleTitleA combined reduction in activity of starch synthase II and III of potato has novel effects on the starch of tubers Plant J. 17 251–261
J.D. Fox J.R. Robyt (1991) ArticleTitleMiniaturization of three carbohydrate analyses using a microsample plate reader Anal. Biochem. 195 93–96 Occurrence Handle1888021
M.G.W. Fukuda I.R.S Costa A.D. Vilarinhos R.P. de Oliveira (1996) Banco de germoplasma de mandioca: Manejo, Conservação e CaracterizaçãoDocumentos CNPMF No. 68. p103 Cruz das Almas BA, Brasil
J.S. Hawker J.L. Ozbun H. Ozaki E. Greenberg J. Preiss (1974) ArticleTitleInteraction of spinach leaf adenosine diphosphate glucose α-1,4 glucan-α-4-glucosyl transferase in synthesis of branched α-glucan Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 160 530–551 Occurrence Handle4208773
S. Hizukuri (1985) ArticleTitleRelationship between the distribution of the chain length of amylopectin and the crystalline structure of starch granules Carbohydr. Res. 141 295–306
S. Hizukuri (1986) ArticleTitlePolymodal distribution of chain lengths of amylopectins, and its significance Carbohydr. Res. 147 342–347
Lisboa, C. 1631. História Animal e Árvores do Maranhão. Page 176.
F.D. Macdonald J. Preiss (1983) ArticleTitleSolubilization of the starch-granule-bound starch synthase of normal maize kernel Plant Physiol. 73 175–178
M. McNeil A.G. Darvill P. Aman L.E. Franzen P. Albersheim (1982) ArticleTitleStructural analysis of complex carbohydrate using high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry Meth. Enzymol. 83 3–45 Occurrence Handle7098937
T.R.I. Munyikwa (1997) Isolation and characterization of starch biosynthesis genes from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)Ph.D. Dissertation Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
T.R.I. Munyikwa S. Langeveld E. Jacobsen R.G.F. Visser (1997) ArticleTitleCassava starch biosynthesis: new avenues for modifying starch quantity and quality Euphytica 96 65–75
Y. Nakamura T. Umemoto Y. Takahata K. Komae E. Amano H. Satoh (1996) ArticleTitleChanges in structure of starch and enzyme activities affected by sugary mutations in developing rice endosperm Possible role of starch debranching enzyme (R-enzyme) in amylopectin biosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 97 491–498
S.K. O’Hair (1989) ArticleTitleCassava root starch content and distribution varies with tissue age HortScience 24 505–506
K.B.A. Olsen Schaal (1999) ArticleTitleEvidence on the origin of cassava: phylogeography of Manihot esculenta Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 5586–5591 Occurrence Handle10318928
B. Rateaver (1951) Anatomy and regeneration in the stem and root of Manihot utilíssima Pohl Ph.D. Dissertation University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI
W.D. Reiter C.C.S. Chapple C.R. Somerville (1993) ArticleTitleAltered growth and cell walls in a fucose-deficient mutant of Arabidopsis Science 261 1032–1035
W.D. Reiter C.C.S. Chapple C.R. Somerville (1999) ArticleTitleMutants of Arabidopsis thaliana with altered cell wall polysaccharide composition Plant J. 12 335–345
S.N.I.M. Salehuzzaman E. Jacobsen G.F. Visser (1992) ArticleTitleCloning partial sequencing and expression of a cDNA coding for branching enzyme in cassava Plant Mol. Biol. 20 809–819 Occurrence Handle1281436
S.N.I.M. Salehuzzaman E. Jacobsen R.G.F. Visser (1993) ArticleTitleIsolation and characterization of cDNA encoding granule-bound starch synthase in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and its antisense expression in potato Plant Mol. Biol. 20 947–962
S.B.S. Sarmento (1997) Caracterização da fécula de mandioca (Manihot esculenta C.) no período de colheita de cultivares de uso industrial Ph.D. Dissertation Universidade de Sao Paulo Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
G.W. Singletary R. Banisadr P. Keeling (1997) ArticleTitleInfluence of gene dosage on carbohydrate synthesis and enzyme activities in endosperm of starch-deficient mutant of maize Plant Physiol. 113 291–304
M.N. Sivad J. Preiss (1998) ArticleTitleStarch: basic science and biotechnology Adv. Food Nutr. Res. 41 1–167 Occurrence Handle9699260
K. Sriroth V. Santisopasri C. Petchalanuwat K. Kurotjanawong K. Piyachomkwan C.G. Oates (1999) ArticleTitleCassava starch granule structure-function properties: influence of time and conditions at harvest on four cultivars of cassava starch Carbohydr. Polym. 38 161–170
Travaços, S. 1596. Declaração do Brasil XLVII (Brazilian Declaration XLVII), p. 35.
T.A. Waigh P. Perry C. Riekel M.J. Gidley A.M. Donald (1998) ArticleTitleChiral side-chain liquid-crystalline polymeric properties of starch Macromolecules 22 7980–7984
Zakhia, N., Whaetley, C., O’Brien, G.O. and Dufour, D. 1995. Screening of CIAT cassava germplasm diversity: the relationship between cyanogenic potential and cassava starch functional properties. In: The Cassava Biotechnology Network. Proceedings of the 2nd International Scientific Meeting (Bogor, Indonesia, 22--23 August 1994), Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali, Colombia, pp. 823--830.
S.C. Zeeman T. Umemoto W.L. Lue P.A. Yeung C. Martin A.M. Smith J. Chen (1998) ArticleTitleA mutant of Arabidopsis␣lacking a chloroplastic isoamylase accumulates both␣starch␣and phytoglycogen Plant Cell 10 1699–1711 Occurrence Handle9761796
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
carvalho, L.J.c.b., de souza, C.R.B., De cascardo, J.C.m. et al. Identification and characterization of a novel cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) clone with high free sugar content and novel starch. Plant Mol Biol 56, 643–659 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-004-4873-9
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-004-4873-9