Abstract
Lateral roots are initiated from the pericycle cells of other types of roots and remain in contact with these roots throughout their life span. Although this physical contact has the potential to permit the exchange of signals, little is known about the flow of information from the lateral roots to the primary root. To begin to study these interactions the proteome of the primary root system of the maize (Zea mays L.) lrt1 mutant, which does not initiate lateral roots, was compared with the corresponding proteome of wild-type seedlings 9 days after germination. Approximately 150 soluble root proteins were resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis and analyzed by MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry and database searching. The 96 most abundant proteins from a pH 4–7 gradient were analyzed; 67 proteins representing 47 different Genbank accessions were identified. Interestingly, 10 (15/150) of the detected proteins were preferentially expressed in lrt1 roots that lack lateral roots. Eight of these lrt1-specific proteins were identified and four are involved in lignin metabolism. This study demonstrates for the first time the influence of lateral roots on the proteome of the primary root system. To our knowledge this is the first study to demonstrate an interaction between two plant organs (viz., lateral and primary roots) at the level of the proteome.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Akileswaran, L., Brock, B. J., Cereghino, J.L. and Gold, M.H. 1999. 1, 4-benzoquinone reductase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium: cDNA cloning and regulation of expression. Appl. Environ. Microb. 65: 415–421.
Altschul, S.F., Madden, T.L., Schaffer, A.A., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Miller, W. and Lipman, D.J. 1997. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 3389–3402.
Boerjan, W., Ralph, J. and Baucher, M. 2003. Lignin biosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54: 519–546.
Bruce, W., Desbons, P., Crasta, O. and Folkerts, O. 2001. Geneexpression profiling of two related maize inbred lines withcontrasting root-lodging traits.J. Exp Bot. 52:459–468.
Chang, W.W., Huang, L., Shen, M., Webster, C., Burlingame, A.L. and Roberts, J.K. 2000.Patterns of protein synthesis and tolerance of anoxia in root tips of maize seedlings acclimated to a low-oxygen environment, and identification of proteins bymass spectrometry.Plant Physiol. 122:295–318.
Clauser, K.R., Baker, P.R. and Burlingame, A.L. 1999. Role ofaccurate mass measurement (± 10 ppm) in protein identification strategies employing MS or MS/MS and database searching. Anal. Chem. 71: 2871–2882.
Damerval, C., Vienne, D., Zivy, M. and Thiellement, H. 1986. Technical improvements in two-dimensional electrophoresisincrease the level of genetic variation detected in wheatseedling proteins. Electrophoresis 7: 52–54.
Esau, K. 1965. Plant Anatomy. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Goddemeier, M.L., Wulff, D. and Feix, G. 1998. Root specificexpression of a Zea mays gene encoding a novel glycine-richprotein, ZmGrp3. Plant Mol. Biol. 36:799–802.
Hetz, W., Hochholdinger, F., Schwall, M. and Feix, G. 1996. Isolation and characterisation of rtcs, a mutant deficient in the formation of nodal roots. Plant J. 10: 845–857.
Hochholdinger, F. and Feix, G. 1998. Early post-embryonicroot formation is specifically affected in the maize mutantlrt1. Plant J. 16: 247–255.
Hochholdinger, F., Park, W.J., Sauer, M. and Woll, K. 2004a. From weeds to crops: genetic analysis of root development incereals. Trends Plant Sci. 9: 42–48.
Hochholdinger, F., Guo, L. and Schnable, P.S. 2004b. Cytoplasmicregulation of the accumulation of nuclear-encoded proteins in the mitochondrial proteome of maize. Plant J. 37: 199–208.
Hose, E., Clarkson, D.T., Steudle, E., Schreiber, L. and Hartung, W. 2001. The exodermis: a variable apoplasticbarrier. J. Exp. Bot. 52: 2245–2264.
Jung, E., Heller, M., Sanchez, J.C. and Hochstrasser, D.F. 2000. Proteomics meets cell biology: the establishment of subcellular proteomes. Electrophoresis 21: 3369–3377.
Lynch, J. 1995. Root architecture and plant productivity. Plant Physiol. 109: 7–13.
Matsuyama, T., Yasumura, N., Funakoshi, M., Yamada, Y. and Hashimoto, T. 1999a. Maize genes specifically expressed in the outermost cells of root cap. Plant Cell Physiol. 40: 469–476.
Matsuyama, T., Satoh, H., Yamada, Y. and Hashimoto, T. 1999b. A maize glycine-rich protein is synthesized in thelateral root cap and accumulates in the mucilage. PlantPhysiol. 120:665–674.
McCully, M.E. and Canny, M.J. 1988. Pathways and processes of water and nutrient movements in roots. Plant Soil 111: 159–170.
Ponce, G., Luja´n, R., Campos, M.E., Reyes, A., Nieto-Sotelo, J., Feldman, L.J. and Cassab, G.I. 2000. Three maize rootspecificgenes are not correctly expressed in regenerated capsin the absence of the quiescent center. Planta 211: 23–33.
Porubleva, L., Van der Velden, K., Kothari, S., Oliver, D.J. and Chitnis, P.R. 2001. The proteome of maize leaves: use ofgene sequences and expressed sequence tag data for identi-fication of proteins with peptide mass fingerprints. Electrophoresis22: 1724–1738.
Reed, R.C., Brady, S.R. and Muday, G.K. 1998. Inhibition ofauxin movement from the shoot into the root inhibits lateralroot development in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 118: 1369–1378.
Schoof, H., Zaccaria, P., Gundlach, H., Lemcke, K., Rudd, S., Kolesov, G., Arnold, R., Mewes, H.W. and Mayer, K.F. 2002. MIPS Arabidopsis thaliana Database (MAtDB): anintegrated biological knowledge resource based on the first complete plant genome. Nucleic Acids Res. 30: 91–93.
Varney, G.T. and Canny, M.J. 1993. Rates of water uptake intothe mature root system of maize plants. New Phytol. 123: 775–786.
Wang, X.L., Canny, M.J. and McCully, M.E. 1991. The water status of the roots of soil-grown maize in relation to the maturity of their xylem. Physiol. Plant 82: 157–162.
Wang, X.L., McCully, M.E. and Canny, M.J. 1994. The branch roots of Zea. IV. The maturation and openness of xylemconduits in first-order branches of soil-grown roots. NewPhytol. 126: 21–29.
Wang, X.L., McCully, M.E. and Canny, M.J. 1995. BranchRoots of Zea. V. Structural features that may influence waterand nutrient transport. Bot. Acta 108: 209–219.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hochholdinger, F., Guo, L. & Schnable, P.S. Lateral roots affect the proteome of the primary root of maize (Zea mays L.). Plant Mol Biol 56, 397–412 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-004-3476-9
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-004-3476-9