Abstract
This paper presents a methodically structured design model for achieving a comprehensive improvement of product recyclability. The framework of this model consists of four design phases, integrating the prediction of product end-of-life strategy, the formation of modular structure, the selection of materials and fasteners, and the recyclability evaluation of design alternatives. The four phases are hierarchically organised in the body of the framework for a stepwise implementation, which are corresponding to the processes of generic engineering design at the stages of planning and task clarification, conceptual design and embodiment design. Fuzzy sets and graph theory are jointly applied as the basic techniques to formulate the methods for end-of-life strategy planning and structure modularisation. An air-conditioning system is used as an example to demonstrate the application of the proposed design model and its effectiveness in improving the recyclability of a product.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
K.R. Allen S. Carlson-Skalak (1998) Defining Product Architecture During Conceptual Design Proceedings of DETC98: 1998 ASME Design Engineering Technical Conference Atlanta, GA
Babu, G.N.M. and Ganesh L.S. (1997), An Integrated Conceptual Model of Relationships Among Different Types of Innovations. Portland International Conference on Management and Technology, PICMET’97: Innovation in Technology Management – the Key to Global Leadership.
G. Boothroyd Dewhurst et al. (1994) Product Design for Manufacture and Assembly Marcel Dekker, Inc New York
Chen, R.W. and D. Navin-Chandra, et al. (1994), ‘A Cost-Benefit Analysis Model of Product Design for Recyclability and Its Application’, IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology, Part A, pp. 502–507.
Chiodo, J.D. and E.H. Billett, et al. (1999), ‘Active Disassembly Using Shape Memory Polymers for The Mobile Phone Industry’, Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Electronics & Environment, 1999, ISEE-1999.
N. Christofides (1975) Graph Theory: An Algorithmic Approach Academic Press London Occurrence Handle0321.94011
Gilpin, A. (1995), Environmental Impact Assessment – Cutting Edge for the 21th Century, University of Cambridge.
T.E. Graedel B.R. Allenby (1998) Design for Environment Prentice-Hall, Inc New York
M.E. Henstock (1988) Design for Recyclability Institute of Metals Oxford
L. Holloway D. Clegg et al. (1994) ArticleTitleIncoporating Environmental Principles into the Design Process Materials & Design 15 IssueID5 259–267 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0261-3069(94)90072-8
G.Q. Huang (1996) Design for X: Concurrent Engineering Imperatives Chapman & Hall London
Ijomah, W. and Bennett, J.P. et al. (1999), Remanufacturing Evidence of Environmental Conscious Business Practice in UK. EcoDesign 99’: First International Symposium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing, 1999, Tokyo.
K. Ishii (1998) ArticleTitleRecyclability Map: A Design Chart to Aid in Material Selection for Enhanced Recycle Modularity Engineering Design & Automation 4 IssueID1 5–11
K. Ishii C.F. Eubanks et al. (1994) ArticleTitleDesign for Product Retirement and Material Life-Cycle Materials & Design 15 IssueID4 225–233 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0261-3069(94)90007-8
Kirby, J.R. and Mann, T. et al. (1995), ‘Factors Affecting Product End-of-Life Management (PELM) Opportunities’, Proceedings of 1995 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and Environment, ISEE-1995.
Kirby, J.R. and Wadehra, I. (1993), ‘Designing Business Machines for Diassembly and Recycling’, Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and Environments, ISEE-1993.
Kobayashi, H. and Hongu, A. et al. (1999), ‘A Framework of Eco-Design Support. EcoDesign 99’, First International Symposium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing, 1999.
Lee, B.H. and Ishii, K. (1997), ‘Demanufacturing Complexity Metrics in Design for Recyclability’, IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 1997.
B.H. Lee S. Rhee et al. (1997) Robust Design for Recyclability Using Demanufacturing Complexity Metrics Proceedings of 1997 ASME Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference Sacramento, California
J.B. Legarth (1997) ArticleTitleEnvironmental Decision Marking for Recycling Options Resource, Conservation and Recycling 19 109–135 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0921-3449(96)01186-X
E. Lenz C. Hentschel et al. (1995) ArticleTitleGrouping of Used Products for Cellular Recycling Systems Annals of the CIRP 44 IssueID1 11–14 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0007-8506(07)62264-1
Li, F.-Y. and Liu, G. et al. (2000), A Study on Fuzzy AHP Method in Green Modularity Design. China Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 9.
Masui, K. and Mizuhara, K. et al. (1999), ‘Development of Products Embedded Disassembly Process based on End-of-Life Strategies. EcoDesign ‘99’, First International Symposium On Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing, 1999.
Newcomb, N.J., Rosen, D.W. and Bras, B. (2003), ‘Life Cycle Modularity Metrics for Product Design’, Proceedings of Third International Symposium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing, EcoDesign 2003.
G. Pahl W. Beitz (1996) Engineering Design : A Systematic Approach Springer London, New York
Park, J.H. and Seo, K.K. et al. (1999), ‘Recycling Cell Formation Using Group Technology for Disposal Products. EcoDesign 99’, First International Symposium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing, 1999.
Paton, B. (1994), ‘Market Considerations in the Reuse of Electronic Products’, Proceedings of 1994 IEEE International Symposium of Electronics and Environment, ISEE-1994.
Qian, X.-Q. and Zhang, H.C. (2003), ‘Design for Environment: An Environmental Analysis Model for the Modular Design of Products’, Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, ISEE 2003.
C.M. Rose (2000) Design for Environment: A Method for Formulating Product End-of-Life Strategies Department of Mechanical Engineering. Stanford University Stanford 185
C.M. Rose K.A. Beiter et al. (1998) Characterization of Product End-of-life Strategies to Enhance Recyclability ASME DETC Design for Manufacturing Symposium Atlanta, Georgia
Rose, C.M. and Stevels, A. et al. (2000), ‘A New Approach to End-of-Life Design Advisor (ELDA)’, IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and Environment, 2000. ISEE-2000.
A. Rosenfeld (1974) Fuzzy Graphs L.A. Zadeh K.S. Fu K. Tanaka M. Shimura (Eds) Fuzzy Sets and Their Applications to Cognitive and Decision Process Academic Press, Inc. New York 77–97
Seaver, W.B. (1994), ‘Design Consideration for Remanufacturability, Recyclability and Reusability of User Interface Modules’, Proceedings of 1994 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and Environment. ISEE-1994.
Shu, L.H. and Flowers, W.C. (1995), ‘Considering Remanufacturing and Other End-of-Life Options in Selection of Fastening and Joining Methods’, Proceedings of 1995 IEEE International Symposium of Electronics and Environment, ISEE-95.
Sodhi, R.S. and Sonnenberg, M. (1999), ‘Use of Snap-fit Fasteners in the Multi-Life -Cycle Design of Products’, Proceedings of 1999 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and Environment, ISEE-1999.
Sosale, S. and Hashemian, M. et al. (1997), ‘Product Modularization for Reuse and Recycling’, Proceedings of Concurrent Product Design and Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing – ASME 1997.
Staffiere, D.T. (1996), ‘Designing Product for the Environment’, IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition – APEC 1.
Stevels, A.L.N. (1997), Optimization of the End-of-Life System. Ecodesign: A Promising Approach: UNEP Working Group on Sustainable Product Development. J.C. Brezet and C.V. Hemel. Paris, 346 pp.
Tian, H. and Binder, Z. et al. (1999), ‘Evolutionary Informatic Process Model for Exploitation of Worn-out Products’, Proceedings of 1999 IEEE International Conference on System, Man & Cybernetics.
C.K. Tsai H.C. Zhang et al. (2000) ArticleTitleDisassembly Analysis for Electromechanical Products: A Graph-Based Heuristic Approach International Journal of Production Research 38 IssueID13 995–1007
Xing, K. and Luong, L. et al. (2002), ‘The Development of A Quantitative Method for Product End-of-Life Strategy (EOLS) Planning’, Proceedings of 4th International Symposium on Tools and Methods of Competitive Engineering (TMCE) 2002.
Xing, K. (2003), Development of an Integrated Framework for Design for Recyclability. (Master Thesis), School of Adv. Manufacturing & Mechanical Engineering, University of South Australia, 239 pp.
Xing, K. and Motevallian, B. et al. (2003a), ‘A Design Strategy Support Tool for Product Reutilisation’, Proceedings of 14th International DAAAM Symposium Intelligent Manufacturing & Automation: Focus on Reconstruction and Development.
Xing, K. and Motevallian, B. et al. (2003b). ‘A Fuzzy-graph based Product Structure Modularisation Approach for Ease-of-recycling Configuration’, Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Manufacturing Excellence, ICME 2003.
K. Xing L. Loung et al. (2004) Development of An Integrated Design Model for Product Recyclability DAAAM International Scientific Book 2004 DAAAM International, Vienna 683–699
R.T. Yeh S.Y. Bang (1974) Fuzzy Relations. Fuzzy Graphs, and their Applications to Clustering Analysis L.A. Zadeh K.S. Fu K. Tanaka M. Shimura (Eds) Fuzzy Sets and Their Applications to Cognitive and Decision Process Academic Press, Inc. New York 125–150
Zhang, H.-C. and Yu, S.Y. (1999), ‘A Quantitative Approach in Environmentally Conscious Product Design Support’, IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 1999.
H.-J. Zimmermann (1991) Fuzzy Set Theory and Its Applications Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston Occurrence Handle0719.04002
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Mr. Ke Xing is a PhD scholar in Manufacturing Engineering at the University of South Australia. He has several years of xperience in industry. He achieved B.Eng in Mechanical Engineering from Southeast University (China) and completed his M. Eng. on product end-of-life and recyclability design at the University of South Australia in 2003. His current ongoing research project is on optimisation of upgradeable design for mechanical systems. Mr. Xing’s major research interests include environmentally conscious design, product life cycle analysis, reliability and maintainability planning.
Professor Lee Luong has extensive experience in teaching and research and development within the tertiary sector as well as industry. He graduated from Monash University (Melbourne) in 1973 with a B.E. (Hons.) and completed his Ph.D. from the same university in 1977. He then worked for many years in industry and research organisations before joining the University of South Australia in 1988. Prof. Luong’s teaching and research interests cover economic analyses of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (AMT) selection and implementation, production management systems, cellular manufacturing, and intelligent manufacturing systems. He has taught a wide range of subjects in manufacturing at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels, and supervised research students. He has published widely in these fields of research, and is also actively involved in professional service, such as editorial board.
Dr. Kazem Abhary obtained his B.Eng and M.Eng in Mechanical Engineering from Tehran University and M.Sc. and Ph.D. (1975) in Mechanical Engineering from UMIST (University of Manchester, Institute of Science and Technology), England. Since then he has been continuously involved in tertiary education and research, and has acted as a consulting engineer to variety of industries. He has published numerous international journal and conference papers, two handbook chapters, three books, a bi-lingual Mechanical Engineering Lexicon, and also a number of non-technical articles on social and literary issues. He has been on the advisory board of a number of international engineering conferences and journals; associate editor of an engineering journal; a reviewer to a number of international engineering journals and conferences, and a keynote speaker to international engineering conferences and engineering graduation ceremonies. Concentration on ‘‘the enhancement of engineers’ awareness on social and environmental impact of technology, and the necessity of engineers exposure to spirituality ’’ has been a major mission in his teaching, national and international seminars. He has been a member of numerous committees, and currently he is a member of the Council of the University of South Australia. His biography is listed in a number of international Who’s Who dictionaries.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xing, K., Abhary, K. & Luong, L. IREDA: An Integrated Methodology for Product Recyclability and End-of-life Design. J Sustain Prod Des 3, 149–171 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10970-005-3925-9
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10970-005-3925-9