Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the total and bio-available contents of heavy metals (Cd, Co, Ni, and Pb) and to determine their spatial variability in the Amik Plain, Turkey. Samples of surface and subsurface soil were collected at 132 sites in the research area. All of the total metal concentrations except Ni were considerably lower than their maximum allowable concentrations. Mean available Pb concentrations at both depths were above the permissible limits, while the other metal concentrations were within the proposed limits. Semivariograms of all the total metal contents, pH, and available Ni and Pb content were best fitted to spherical models, while available Cd and Co contents were best fitted to exponential models. Block kriging was used to interpolate values at unmeasured locations, generating maps of spatial variation for each heavy metal and pH.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Ahsan, D. A., DelValls, T. A., Blasco, J. (2009). Distribution of arsenic and trace metals in the floodplain agricultural soil of Bangladesh. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 82, 11–15.
Cambardella, C. A., & Karlen, D. L. (1999). Spatial analysis of soil fertility parameters. Precision Agriculture, 1, 5–14.
Cambardella, C. A., Moorman, T. B., Parkin, T. B., Karlen, D. L., Novak, J. M., Turco, R. F., et al. (1994). Field-scale variability of soil properties in central Iowa soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 58, 1501–1511.
Chien, Y. J., Lee, D. Y., Guo, H. Y., Houng, K. H. (1997). Geostatistical analysis of soil properties of Mid-West Taiwan soils. Soil Science, 162(4), 291–298.
Coşkun, M., Steinnes, E., Frontasyeva, M. V., Sjobakk, T. E., Demkina, S. (2006). Heavy metal pollution of surface soil in the Thrace Region, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 119, 545–556.
Derici, M. R., Evliya, H., Ağca, N., Özkutlu, F., Eker, S., Öztürk, L. (2002). Investigation of Cadmium Concentration in Soils and Plants in Çukurova Region and Examination of Factors Affecting Cadmium Accumulation in Plants using Soil Analyses and Greenhouse Experiments. The Report of the Research Project (Project Number: TOGTAG/TARP-2382). 87 p. Adana (in Turkish).
DeTemmerman, L., Vanongeval, L., Boon, W., Hoenig, M., Geypens, M. (2003). Heavy metal content of arable soils in Northern Belgium. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 148, 61–76.
Dora, C., Angel, F. C., Talley, F. (2006). Heavy metal dynamic from representative mining silt ponds to a waterway in the descargador area, Cartagena-La Union, SE Spain. In Proceedings of 18. International Soil Meeting (ISM) on ‘Soil Sustaining Life on Earth, Managing Soil and Technology’ (pp. 184–190) (May 21–26, 2006, Şanlıurfa-Turkey).
EPA (1996). Method 3050B. Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges and Soils. http://www.epa.gov/sw-846/pdfs/3050b.pdf.
Goovaerts, P. (1999). Geostatistics in soil science: State-of-the-art and perspectives. Geoderma, 89, 1–45
Gün, M., & Erdem, A. M. (2003). Agricultural master plan of Hatay. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs-Agricultural Directorate of Hatay (in Turkish).
Imperato, M., Adamo, P., Naimo, D., Arienzo, M., Stanzione, D., Violante, P. (2003). Spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban soils of Naples City (Italy). Environmental Pollution, 124, 247–256.
Isaaks, E. H., & Srivastava, R. M. (1989). Applied Geostatistics. (p. 561). New York: Oxford University Press.
Kabata-Pendias, A., & Mukherjee, A. B. (2007). Trace elements from soil to human (p. 550). Berlin: Springer–Verlag.
Kaur, R., & Rani, R. (2006). Spatial characterization and prioritization of heavy metal contaminated soil-water resources in peri-urban areas of National Capital Territory (NCT), Delhi. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 123, 233–247.
Kiliç, Ş., Ağca, N., Yalçin, M. (2004). Soils of Amik Plain (Turkey): Properties and classification. Journal of Agronomy, 3(4), 291–295.
Kiliç, S., Evrendilek, F., Berberoǧlu, S., Demirkesen, A. C. (2006). Environmental monitoring of land-use and land-cover changes in a Mediterranean region of Turkey. Environmental Monitoring & Assessment, 114, 157–168.
Lark, R. M. (2000). Estimating variograms of soil properties by the method-of-moments and maximum likelihood. European Journal of Soil Science, 51, 717–728.
Lindsay, W. L., & Norvell, W. A. (1978). Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42, 421–428.
Liu, X., Wu, J., Xu, J. (2006). Characterizing the risk assessment of heavy metals and sampling uncertainty analysis in paddy field by geostatistics and GIS. Environmental Pollution, 141, 257–264.
Man-Zhi, T., Fang-Ming, X., Jie, C., Xue-Lei, Z., Jing-Zhong, C. (2006). Spatial prediction of heavy metal pollution for soils in peri-urban Beijing, China based on fuzzy set theory. Pedosphere, 16(5), 545–554.
Massas, I., Ehaliotis, C., Gerontidis, S., Sarris, E. (2009). Elevated heavy metal concentrations in top soils of an Aegean Ýsland Town (Greece): Total and available forms, origin and distribution. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 151, 105–116.
McGrath, D., Zhang, C., Carton, O. T. (2004). Geostatistical analyses and hazard assessment on soil lead in Silvermines Area, Ireland. Environmental Pollution, 127, 239–248.
Mehrjardi, R. T., Jahromi, M. Z., Mahmodi, S., Heidari, A. (2008). Spatial distribution of groundwater quality with geostatistics (Case Study: Yazd-Ardakan plain). World Applied Sciences Journal, 4(1), 09–17.
Morton-Bermea, O., Alvarez, H., Gaso, I., & Segovia, N. (2002). Heavy metal concentrations in surface soils from Mexico City. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 68, 383–388.
Richards, L. A. (1954). Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils (p. 160). Agriculture Handbook No. 60.
Robinson, T. P., & Metternicht, G. (2006). Testing the performance of spatial interpolation techniques for mapping soil properties. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 50, 97–108
Sun, B., Zhou, S., Zhao, Q. (2003). Evaluation of spatial and temporal changes of soil quality based on geostatistical analysis in the hill region of subtropical China. Geoderma, 115, 85–99.
Tack, F. M. G., Verloo, M. G., Vanmechelen, L., Ranst, E. V. (1997). Baseline concentration levels of trace elements as a function of clay and organic carbon contents in soils in Flanders (Belgium). The Science of the Total Environment, 201, 113–123.
Wu, W., Xie, D. T., Liu, H. B. (2009). Spatial variability of soil heavy metals in the three gorges area: Multivariate and geostatistical analyses. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 157, 63–71. doi:10.1007/s10661-008-0515-z.
Yıldız, H., & Taptık, M. A. (2003). The Geology of Hatay Province. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration. http://www.mta.gov.tr/v1.0/bolgeler/adana/pdf_doc/HatayJEO[1].pdf (in Turkish).
Zhang, X. Y., Lin, F. F., Wong, M. T. F., Feng, X. L., Wang, K. (2009). Identification of soil heavy metal sources from anthropogenic activities and pollution assessment of Fuyang County, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 154, 439–449.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Karanlık, S., Ağca, N. & Yalçın, M. Spatial distribution of heavy metals content in soils of Amik Plain (Hatay, Turkey). Environ Monit Assess 173, 181–191 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1380-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1380-0