Abstract
A system of nature reserves is a necessary component of an integrated conservation strategy. The basic problem in the design of a nature reserve system is to select the smallest number of sites from a region for some conservation objectives. There are 33 nature reserves intended for the conservation of Red-Crowned Crane (Grus japonensis), totalling 3.1 million ha. Other habitats of Red-Crowned Crane are facing severe problems due to economic development and other human activities. GIS, iterative methods and the integer programming approach were employed to design the nature reserve system for Red-Crowned Crane, with conservation goals to protect 70 and 60% areas of highly and moderately suitable wetlands, respectively. The results indicated the need to designate six new nature reserves in Wulagai marsh, Duluhe River, Tumen River, Rizhao, Gaoyou Lake and Hongze Lake, and showed a protection zone in Songnen Plain (between Heilongjiang Province and Jilin Province) and three clusters of nature reserves in Sanjing Plain, which, will be used as reference for the designation of new nature reserves, or enlargement and adjustment of existing nature reserves. The iterative method and integer programming approaches were feasible for design of nature reserve system.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
K.L. Chen G.X. Zhang (1998) Wetland and Waterfowl Conservation – Proceedings of Northeast Asia International Workshop on Wetland and Waterfowl Conservation Chinese Forestry Publishing House Beijing, China
R.L. Church D.M. Stoms F.W. Davis (1996) ArticleTitleReserve selection as a maximal covering location problem Biol. Conserv. 76 105–112 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0006-3207(95)00102-6
K.D. Cocks I.A. Baird (1989) ArticleTitleUsing mathematical programming to address the multiple reserve selection problem: an example from the Eyre Peninsula, South Australia Biol. Conserv. 49 113–130 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0006-3207(89)90083-9
N.J. Collar M.J. Crosby A.J. Stattersfield (1994) Birds to Watch. 2: The World List of Threatened Birds (BirdLife Conservation Series No 4) BirdLife International Cambridge, UK
H.S. Cui Z.S. Pu (1999) ArticleTitleWildlife resources of Sanjing reserve of Heilongjiang Wildlife 6 8–9
InstitutionalAuthorNameDepartment of Forestry Heilongjiang Province (1990) Conservation and Research on International Cranes Chinese Forestry Publishing House Beijing, China
InstitutionalAuthorNameDepartment of Wildlife and Forestry Plant Conservation Ministry of Forestry (1996) Conservation and Reasonable Utilization of Wetland – Proceedings of Workshop of Wetland Conservation in China Chinese Forestry Publishing House Beijing, China
Z.G Dong C. Wei (1998) ArticleTitleResearch on biodiversity and development of Costal Wetland Nature Reserve of Estuary of Yalujiang River Rural Eco-environ. 14 IssueID2 5–8
Environmental Protection Bureau of Heilongjiang Province 1995. Report on comprehensive survey of Honghe Nature Reserve of Heilongjiang.
Environmental Protection Bureau of Qidong City Jiangsu Province 1991. Comprehensive Report on Xinglongsha Birds Nature Reserve.
C.G. He L.S. Li (1999) ArticleTitleThe amount and distribution of red-crowned crane in Xianghai Nature Reserve in 1998 and 1999 Chin. Crane Commun. 2 4–5
Institute of Environmental Protection of Inner Mongolia 1998. Keerqin Nature Reserve: wetlands birds and vegetation.
J.Y. Ji X.J. Yu (1990a) ArticleTitleDistribution and amount of storks and cranes in Shandong Province Zoology Res. 11 IssueID1 46–53
Ji J.Y. and Yu X.J. 1990b. Survey of cranes in Shandong Province. In: Department of Forestry Heilongjiang Province (ed.), Conservation and Research on International Cranes. Chinese Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China.
J.B. Kirkpatrick (1983) ArticleTitleAn iterative method for establishing priorities for the selection of nature reserves. An example from Tasmania. Biol. Conserv. 25 127–134 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0006-3207(83)90056-3
H.Q. Lang (1999) China’s Wetland Vegetation Science Press Beijing, China
S.T. Liu (1998a) ArticleTitleRed-crowned crane in Huihe River Wetland Commun. 11 6
X.P. Liu (1998b) Wintering of red-crowned crane in Yancheng of Jiangsu Chen (Eds) et al. Wetland and Waterfowl Conservation – Proceedings of Northeast Asia International Workshop on Wetland and Waterfowl Conservation Chinese Forestry Publishing House China
X.P. Liu H. Wang (1999) ArticleTitleWater birds in Yancheng Chin. Biosphere Reserve 3 3–6
J.J. Lu (1990) China’s Wetlands East China Normal University Press Shanghai, China
X.F. Luan C.H. Li (1999) ArticleTitleConservation of Xingkaihu national nature reserve Zool. Mag. 33 IssueID4 26–28
Lv J.Z. and Zhao Y.M. 1998. Conservation of water birds and their habitats in Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve. In: Department of Wildlife and Plant Conservation Ministry of Forestry (ed.), Wetland and Waterfowl Conservation – Proceedings of Northeast Asia International Workshop on Wetland and Waterfowl Conservation. Chinese Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China.
Ma Y.Q.1990. Chinese cranes and their conservation. In: Department of Forestry Heilongjiang Province (ed.), Conservation and Research on International Cranes. Chinese Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China.
Z.J. Ma W.J. Li Z.J. Wang H.G. Tang (1998) ArticleTitleHabitat change and protection of the Red-Crowned Crane (Grus japonensis) in Yancheng Biosphere ReserveChina Ambio 27 IssueID6 461–464
Z.J. Ma Z.J. Wang H.G. Tang (1999) ArticleTitleHabitat use and selection by Red-Crowned Crane Grus japonensis in winter in Yancheng Biosphere ReserveChina Ibis 141 135–139
Management Committee of Daliruoer Nature Reserve 1996. Collection of data on comprehensive survey of Daliruoer Nature Reserve of Inner Mongolia.
Management Office of Momoge Nature Reserve 1996. Overall Planning of Momoge Nature Reserve.
C.R. Margules A.O. Nicholls R.L. Pressey (1988) ArticleTitleSelecting networks of reserves to maximise biological diversity Biol. Conserv. 43 63–76 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0006-3207(88)90078-X
C.R. Margules R.L. Pressey (2000) ArticleTitleSystematic conservation planning Nature 405 243–253 Occurrence Handle10.1038/35012251 Occurrence Handle10821285
InstitutionalAuthorNameMinistry of Forestry (1997) Management plan of Zhalong National Nature Reserve Chinese Forestry Publishing House Beijing, China
R.L. Pressey H.P. Possingham C.R. Margules (1996) ArticleTitleOptimality in reserve selection algorithms: when does it matter and how much? Biol. Conserv. 76 259–267 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0006-3207(95)00120-4
R.L. Pressey H.P. Possingham J.R. Day (1997) ArticleTitleEffectiveness of alternative heuristic algorithms for identifying indicative minimum requirements for conservation reserves Biol. Conserv. 80 207–219 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00045-6
Pu R.Z and Li W.F. 1990. Red-crowned crane in Xingkai Lake. In: Department of Forestry Heilongjiang Province (ed.), Conservation and Research on International Cranes. Chinese Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China.
R.Z Pu W.F. Li (1998) ArticleTitleXingkaihu nature reserve Wildlife 1 36–37
Y.J. Qiu (1998) Water birds of Liaoning and their conservation Chen (Eds) et al. Wetland and Waterfowl Conservation – Proceedings of Northeast Asia International Workshop on Wetland and Waterfowl Conservation Chinese Forestry Publishing House Beijing, China
M Saetersdal J.M. Line H.J.B. Birks (1993) ArticleTitleHow to maximize biological diversity in nature reserve selection: vascular plants and breeding birds in deciduous woodlands, western Norway Biol. Conserv. 66 131–138 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0006-3207(93)90144-P
M.E. Soule (1987) Viable Population Cambridge University Press New York
InstitutionalAuthorNameSpecies Survival Commission/International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (1994) IUCN Red List Categories IUCN Gland, Switzerland
S.M. Wang H.S. Du (1998) China’s Lakes Science Press Beijing, China
InstitutionalAuthorNameWorld Conservation Monitoring Centre (1994) Red List of Threatened Species IUCN Gland, Switzerland
Xiao D.N. and Hu Y.M. 1996. Eco-environment of northern coastal wetlands of China and their conservation and utilization. In: Department of Wildlife and Plant Conservation Ministry of Forestry (ed.), Conservation and Reasonable Utilization of Wetland – Proceedings of Workshop of Wetland Conservation in China. Chinese Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China.
H.L. Xing (1999) ArticleTitleSurvey on amount of cranes in Sanjing nature reserve of Heilongjiang Province in spring and autumn of 1999 Chin. Crane Commun. 2 6
H.G. Xu (2000) The theory and methodology of ecological security design for nature reserves Chinese Environment Scientific Press Beijing, China
Xu X.J. and Liu H.X. 1990. Cranes in the ancient watercourse of Yellow River in Henan Province. In: Department of Forestry Heilongjiang Province (ed.), Conservation and Research on International Cranes. Chinese Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China.
Xu X.J. and Liu H.X. 1996. The ancient watercourse of Yellow River in Xinxiang City of Henan Province and its conservation. In: Department of Wildlife and Plant Conservation Ministry of Forest (ed.), Conservation and Reasonable Utilization of Wetland – Proceedings of Workshop of Wetland Conservation in China. Chinese Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China.
Y.M. Zhao C.S. Song (1995) Report of scientific survey on Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve Chinese Forestry Publishing House Beijing, China
Zhao Y.M. and Song C.S. 1995. Report of scientific survey on Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve. Chinese Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xu, H., Zhu, G., Wang, L. et al. Design of Nature Reserve System for Red-Crowned Crane in China. Biodivers Conserv 14, 2275–2289 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-1663-2
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-1663-2