Abstract
In 2019, over 96% of EU27 oil needs, nearly 90% of natural gas and over 43% of solid fuels were met by net imports, with the largest share coming from Russia (35% of oil, 40% of natural gas and 20% of solid fuels consumed in EU27). The decline in the share of oil since 2016 was more than off-set by the increase in gas and solid fuels.
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Giuseppe Celi, University of Foggia, Italy.
Dario Guarascio, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
Jelena Reljic, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
Annamaria Simonazzi, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
Francesco Zezza, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
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Open Access: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Celi, G., Guarascio, D., Reljic, J. et al. The Asymmetric Impact of War: Resilience, Vulnerability and Implications for EU Policy. Intereconomics 57, 141–147 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-022-1049-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-022-1049-2