Abstract
One of the effective treatment options for intracranial aneurysms is stent-assisted coiling. Though, previous works have demonstrated that stent usage would result in the deformation of the local vasculature. The effect of simple stent on the blood hemodynamics is still uncertain. In this work, hemodynamic features of the blood stream on four different ICA aneurysm with/without interventional are investigated. To estimate the relative impacts of vessel deformation, four distinctive ICA aneurysm is simulated by the one-way FSI technique. Four hemodynamic factors of aneurysm blood velocity, wall pressure and WSS are compared in the peak systolic stage to disclose the impact of defamation by the stent in two conditions. The stent usage would decrease almost all of the mentioned parameters, except for OSI. Stenting reduces neck inflow rate, while the effect of interventional was not consistent among the aneurysms. The deformation of an aneurysm has a strong influence on the hemodynamics of an aneurysm. This outcome is ignored by most of the preceding investigations, which focused on the pre-interventional state for studying the relationship between hemodynamics and stents. Present results show that the application of stent without coiling would improve most hemodynamic factors, especially when the deformation of the aneurysm is high enough.
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
1 Introduction
1.1 IA and it pathophysiology
The effects of hemodynamic forces on the wall of the intracranial artery may result in a pathological stretching of the vessel wall, and a deformed vessel is known as an Intracranial Aneurysm (IA). The development of IA is relevant to many pathophysiological factors, not only the hemodynamic ones, e.g., endothelial function, anatomic variations (certain areas in the Circle of Willis) are more vulnerable (Liu 2020). The main characteristic of this extension is the weak structural strength of this region which may result in rupture and haemorrhage. In fact, the shape of the stent can also significantly influence focal hemodynamics in intracranial arteries (Liu 2022). Although several investigations have been done to detect the sign of aneurysm formation, detection of unruptured aneurysms in the initial stage is not possible yet (Ashkezari 2021; Sforza et al. 2009; Martu et al. 2014). Surgical researches have extensively used for the treatment of different patients (Zhang et al 2022; Zhao et al 2022; Hu et al 2022). Most of these researches use CT images (Jin et al 2022; Ban et al 2022) and data processing for analysis of biomedical data (Lu et al 2023; Qin et al. 2022; Yang et al 2022). Artificial techniques have been used extensively for biomedical investigations (Liu et al 2022a, b; Lyu et al. 2023; Jin et al. 2015). Different works also used theoretical method for the clinical data (Hao et al 2022; Zhou et al 2022; Xue et al 2022; Yang et al 2022; Zhang et al 2022). Applications of these computer methods are conventional in biomedical science and technology (Chen et al. 2021; Lin et al 2022; Zheng et al 2022; Li et al. 2022; Wang et al 2023; Sun et al 2022).
1.2 Hemodynamic parameter relevant to the development and rupture of IA
The primary hemodynamic factors of Oscillatory shear index (OSI), Wall shear stress (WSS) and Relative residence time (RRT) are introduced for the comparison of the different ICA aneurysms (Xiao-Yong et al. 2022; Fung, 1993). Besides, some critical values are also presented for recognising high-risk regions of the aneurysm. Nevertheless, numerous of the experimental outcomes attained via this technique are not consistent with actual pathophysiological indicators, which has mystified clinicians and researchers (Razavi et al. 2011).
An outer elastic layer has little supporting tissue nearby the artery with thin medial elastin, and this is the primary insufficiency of the wall of the cerebral artery (Hariri et al. 2023). Besides, an unbalanced anatomical configuration at its bifurcation apex is another deficiency of the artery wall. Due to these features, continuous action of blood flow could easily result in local structural changes in the wall of the cerebral artery. External factors and genetic susceptibility are known as the primary source for the formation of IAs, and this process is complex and diverse. Based on the published articles, the growth and rupture of IAs happen under the impacts of WSS (Li et al. 2022; Lyu and Wang 2023; Mansouri et al. 2022b; Sadeh et al. 2023; Sheidani et al. 2023; Yang et al. 2023; Zhang et al. 2021). Preceding works found that aneurysm growth initiates due to the high value of WSS and OSI, while rupture occurs in a low WSS. The interaction between vascular physiological changes and haemodynamics indicates that WSS induces vascular endothelial irritation, and upregulates the expression of adhesion cytokines and molecules on the surface of the arterial wall. Hence, the permeability of the vascular lumen is increased and this also results in a high residence time of blood on the arterial wall. Therefore, the migration of leukocytes to the wall is promoted and consequently, a large number of matrix metalloproteinase are produced.
1.3 Application of CAD in intracranial arteries and IA
The research on this topic has been significantly improved by the invention of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and computed tomography angiography (CIA). In fact, these techniques enable researchers to access the main geometrical aspects of the aneurysm and use them for further investigations (Coady et al. 1997; Abdehkakha et al. 2021). They analyzed blood hemodynamics by this technique to find the main source of the aneurysm growth. Meanwhile, the analysis of the high-risk region of the aneurysm becomes possible with these techniques (Lobato and Puech-Leao 1998; Eleftriades 2002; Mirzaei Poueinak et al. 2023).
One of the main advantages of access the real three-dimensional geometry of IAs is computational modelling (Pape et al. 2007; Celi and Berti 2014). The progress in the computational fluid dynamic significantly helps scientists to access diverse hemodynamic factors for evaluating of the aneurysm rupture risk (Fillinger et al. 2003; Vande Geest et al. 2006). In CFD methodology, medical image processing, vascular wall reconstruction, and mesh generation technology are combined, and the finite element technique is used to compute haemodynamic parameters (Gallo, et al. 2012). Lastly, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of blood flow are obtained. Indeed, a fundamental cause in the creation of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) is blood flow (Martu et al. 2016). The inflammatory dispersal cells are defined by their features, and the inflammatory reaction of endothelial cells, which are the primary boundary with blood flow, is determined via these factors (Xiao-Yong et al. 2021a, b). A thorough endothelial cell layer could guarantee the permanence of the vascular lumen by controlling the distribution of anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic features (Xiao-Yong et al. 2022).
1.4 Relevant CFD studies and limitations (i.e., research gaps)
Analysing the impacts of the endovascular technique on the risk reduction of the aneurysm rupture is crucial. Usage a stent as the leading conventional endovascular technique for the treatment of the saccular aneurysm has been investigated. Currently, there are two different stent options employed in neurointerventional radiology namely, flow diverter stents and regular intracranial stents. These two stent types have different mesh densities and radial forces. In fact, flow diverter stents have a lower radial force than intracranial support stents, and listed papers did not report significant safety concerns with CFD analysis (Sadeh et al. 2023; Mutlu, et al. 2020). The main application of the stent without coiling is to deform the artery wall to reduce the entrance of the mass blood flow into the aneurysm. Although usage of the stent is to keep the coiling gel inside the aneurysm, it could also be used as an independent technique for the reduction of the aneurysm protection, especially when the risk of the rupture is not high (Mirzaei Poueinak et al. 2023).
1.5 The aim of this study
In the present work, the influences of the stent on the hemodynamic aspects of four different ICA aneurysms have been investigated. This research has focused on the hemodynamic characteristics of WSS and OSI in two stages of aneurysm deformation due to the stent application. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) is used to model of blood flow inside the aneurysm and calculating shear stress on the aneurysm wall. Comparisons of blood velocity and stream are also presented to reveal the influence of aneurysm deformation on the blood and its impact on the wall of the vessel.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Aneurysm selection
After evaluating of more than 30 ICA aneurysms, the geometries (.stl file) of four distinctive aneurysms are chosen from the Aneurisk website (AneuriskWeb project website 2012). The aneurysms are sorted by the size of the sac section area at the ostium. To investigate the influence of the deformations, the angle of parent vessel orientation with normal ostium plane is high in the selected aneurysm. It is assumed that the presence of a stent reduces this angle and, consequently, limits the blood flow rate into the sac region. Figure 1 displays the schematic of four selected ICA aneurysms. The details of the chosen ICA geometries are presented in Table 1.
2.2 Computational technique
The simulation of the blood stream inside the saccular aneurysm is done by solving the transient RANS equations while blood is assumed non-Newtonian and incompressible. One-way FSI is used for the interaction of the blood and vessel in which the blood force is affected on the aneurysm as an external force (Samuel et al. 2019; Chen and Cai 2021; Xu et al. 2018). Since blood flow inside the aneurysm is pulsatile, the mass flow rate at the inlet and pressure value at the outlet are applied by the displayed pattern in Fig. 2 (Malvè et al. 2014). Inlet profile to use coarser grid, standard wall function, recording specific results, and using Paraview for post processing is explained in detail by (Mansouri et al. 2021 and Verma, et al. 2021). In the present study, three cardiac cycles are simulated and the length of each cardiac cycle is about 0.875 s and time step is 8.75 e-4 s.
The blood viscosity is calculated by the Casson model Razavi et al. (2011). Non-Newtonian rheological model plays an important role in improving the accuracy of WSS in aneurysms since Newtonian rheological model can cause considerable inaccuracy (> 10% in WSS) in low-WSS areas, not only in extracranial arteries such as coronary arteries (Liu et al. 2018) but also in intracranial arteries (Liu et al. 2021). However, different non-Newtonian models, e.g., Casson model and Carreau-Yasuda model, behave differently in low-shear range. Therefore, different non-Newtonian models can be applied in future studies for further validation of the findings. In this model, the effect of hematocrit is also used for the estimation of the viscosity. The generated grid for the selected aneurysm are demonstrated in Fig. 3. The size of the grid near the vessel is smaller than other regions due to the importance of this region for the estimation of the WSS and OSI factors (Boccadifuoco et al. 2018; Aristotelis et al. 2008).
As demonstrated in Fig. 3, the boundary layer is applied for the produced grid near the vessel to improve the accuracy and precision of the results (Zan-Hui et al. 2023). The size of grid near the vessel and aneurysm a wall is high since haemodynamic factor is calculated in this section. Mesh density near wall is higher and the number of boundary layers for aneurysm wall is 9. Skewness of produced grid is within acceptable limit. The inflow boundary condition is chosen regardless of the largest grid spacing size, it leads to spurious pressure production in the domain (Mansouri et al. 2022a) To preserve computational time, size of grid in the centre of vessel is higher than other segments since less variation happens in these regions. For using the deformations, the sac section area (red volume) is split. To perform grid independency, four different grids are examined, and the results of the velocity for the specific model (case 16) are demonstrated in Table 2. As presented in this table, the average velocity on the ostium section is compared for different produced grids. It is noticed that the value of this factor does not change meaningful when a model with fine grid is replaced by a very fine one. Therefore, the grid size of this model is applied to other aneurysms. Figure 4 presents more details about the grid production to the specific model after deformation.
Since the worst-case scenario is related to the peak systolic stage (2120 step), this study reports WSS and average pressure on the vessel and mean velocity inside the sac for this stage. Meanwhile, the OSI value is calculated at the end of the third cardiac cycle (3000 steps) [22, 23, 24, and 25].
2.3 Deformations of the aneurysm (impact of stent)
As explained in the previous sections, the main attitude of the present work is to investigate the role of the stent on the hemodynamics of the blood stream inside the aneurysm. In the current study, the two stages of interventions are assumed based on the neck vessel angle mentioned in Table 1 for the deformed aneurysm. Figure 5 illustrates the 1st and 2nd stages of the deformed aneurysms as well as primary model of these four chosen lateral ICA aneurysms. It is noticed that the angle of the parent vessel orientation with the normal vector of the ostium plane is maximum, in which less blood stream will enter to sac section (Fig. 4).
3 Results and discussion
The impacts of aneurysm deformation on the main hemodynamic factors of mean WSS, OSI, pressure and velocity are demonstrated in Table 3. To compare the results, Fig. 6 plots the variation of these factors in different stages of deformations. Comparison of results shows that the impact of deformation for those cases with higher mean WSS is more substantial than other cases. The variation of mean OSI indicates that this factor does not change substantial except for cases with high mean OSI. The impact of deformation on the mean pressure is limited, while mean velocity is significantly reduced when the deformation angle is high enough. The contour of the WSS on the aneurysm wall would demonstrate the main changes due to the deformation of the aneurysm. Evaluation of WSS contour (Fig. 7) indicates that the value of maximum WSS on the sac wall substantially decreases after 2nd deformation. Besides, the region with high WSS is limited when deformation is progressed.
Figure 8 illustrates the variation of the pressure contour on the aneurysm wall for a selected aneurysm in different stages of deformations. The value of maximum pressure does not decrease substantially after the deformation, while the location of high-pressure regions varies owing to the deformation. It is mainly due to the change of blood inflow direction after deformation of the aneurysm.
Comparison of OSI contour for original and deformed aneurysms are displayed in Fig. 9 at the early diastolic stage. The change in the OSI value does not follow specific patterns. In fact, deformation of the aneurysm would decrease the inlet blood velocity, and this enables high-velocity change inside the aneurysm. Therefore, OSI might increase on the sac surface due to deformations. For a better comparison of the deformation effects, Fig. 10 displays iso-surfaces of averaged velocity field to compare aneurysm inflow jet before and after deformation. A comparison of these contours shows that the blood flow is considerably limited because of aneurysm deformation. The high-velocity region is limited to the ostium section when the angle of deformation is high (2nd stage). These blood feature also demonstrates how the flow results in local WSS patterns.
Figure 11 demonstrates the flow stream inside the aneurysm with/without deformation at the peak systolic stage. The blood stream is coloured by the velocity value to disclose the impact of deformation on the value of the blood stream inside the sac section. These contours also show that structure of the blood flow change by the aneurysm deformation, and its effects directly related to the angle of deformation. It is found that aneurysm deformation not only limits the flow pattern inside the sac but also alters the velocity value which results in the low WSS inside the sac.
4 Conclusion
In this study, the impacts of the stent on the flow structure of the four ICA aneurysms are comprehensively investigated. The primary attention of this research is to visualize blood flow and compared hemodynamic characteristics of ICA aneurysms before and after aneurysm deformation. Computational Fluid dynamic is applied to simulate the blood stream inside the aneurysm and calculate hemodynamic factors, i.e. WSS, pressure and OSI on the aneurysm wall. The stent effect on two-stages of deformation is disclosed and explained in this work. Attained results indicate that deformation of the aneurysm considerably decreases the WSS on the aneurysm wall due to limited blood entrance. However, the value of OSI does not change in deformed aneurysms. Pressure contour on the aneurysm wall also indicates that the value of this factor does not alter considerably while its location varies by deformation.
Data availability
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.
References
Abdehkakha A, Hammond A, Pate T, Siddiqui A, Dargush G, Meng H (2021) Cerebral aneurysm flow diverter modeled as a thin inhomogeneous porous medium in hemodynamic simulations. Comput Biol Med 139:104988
AneuriskWeb project website (2012) Retrieved from Emory University, Department of Math&CS: http://ecm2.mathcs.emory.edu/aneuriskweb
Aristotelis M, Nikolaos P, Kakalis M, Yiannis M, Ventikos P, Byrne J (2008) Haemodynamic simulation of aneurysm coiling in an anatomically accurate computational fluid dynamics model. Neuroradiology 50(4):341–347
Ashkezari S (2021) Hemodynamics in aneurysm blebs with different wall characteristics. J Neuro Intervent Surg 13(7):642–646
Ban Y, Wang Y, Liu S, Yang B, Liu M, Yin L, Zheng W (2022) 2D/3D multimode medical image alignment based on spatial histograms. Appl Sci 12(16):8261
Boccadifuoco A, Mariotti A, Celi S, Martini N, Salvetti M (2018) Impact of uncertainties in outflow boundary conditions on the predictions of hemodynamic simulations of ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms. Comput Fluids 165:96–115
Celi S, Berti S (2014) Three-dimensional sensitivity assessment of thoracic aortic aneurysm wall stress: a probabilisticnite-element study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 45(3):467–475
Chen R, Cai X-C (2021) Efficient parallel simulation of hemodynamics in patient-specific abdominal aorta with aneurysm. Comput Biol Med 136:104652
Chen H, Wang Q (2021) Regulatory mechanisms of lipid biosynthesis in microalgae. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 96(5):2373–2391. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12759
Coady M, Rizzo J, Hammond G, Mandapati D, Darr U, Kopf G, Griepp R (1997) What is the appropriate size criterion for resection of thoracic aortic aneurysms. J Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg 113(3):476–491
Eleftriades J (2002) Natural history of thoracic aortic aneurysms: indications for surgery, and surgical versus nonsurgical risks. Ann Thorac Surg 74(5):S1877–S1880
Fillinger M, Marra S, Raghavan M, Kennedy F (2003) Prediction of rupture risk in abdominal aortic aneurysm during observation: wall stress versus diameter. J Vasc Surg 37(4):724–732
Fung Y (1993) Biomechanics: mechanical properties of living tissues. Springer, Boston
Gallo D, De Santis G, Negri F, Tresoldi D, Ponzini R, Massai D, Morbiduc U (2012) On the use of in vivo measured flow rates as boundary conditions for image-based hemodynamic models of the human aorta. Annal Biomed Eng 40(3):729–741
Hao P, Li H, Zhou L, Sun H, Han J, Zhang Z (2022) Serum metal ion-induced cross-linking of photoelectrochemical peptides and circulating proteins for evaluating cardiac ischemia/reperfusion. ACS Sensors 7(3):775–783
Hariri S, Poueinak MM, Hassanvand A, Gerdroodbary MB, Faraji M (2023) Effects of blood hematocrit on performance of endovascular coiling for treatment of middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms: computational study. Interdiscip Neurosurg 32:101729
Hu Z, Zhao TV, Huang T, Ohtsuki S, Jin K, Goronzy IN, Weyand CM (2022) The transcription factor RFX5 coordinates antigen-presenting function and resistance to nutrient stress in synovial macrophages. Nature Metabolism 4(6):759–774. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-022-00585-x
Jin HY, Wang Z (2015) Asymptotic dynamics of the one-dimensional attraction-repulsion Keller-Segel model. Mathe Methods Appl Sci 38(3):444–457. https://doi.org/10.1002/mma.3080
Jin K, Huang X, Zhou J, Li Y, Yan Y, Sun Y, Ye J (2022) FIVES: a fundus image dataset for artificial intelligence based vessel segmentation. Sci Data 9(1):475. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01564-3
Li Z, Teng M, Jiang Y, Zhang L, Luo X, Liao Y, Yang B (2022) YTHDF1 negatively regulates treponema pallidum-induced inflammation in THP-1 macrophages by promoting SOCS3 translation in an m6A-dependent manner. Front Immunol 4(13):857727
Lin Y, Song H, Ke F, Yan W, Liu Z, Cai F (2022) Optimal caching scheme in D2D networks with multiple robot helpers. Comput Commun 181:132–142
Liu HW (2020) State-of-the-art computational models of circle of willis with physiological applications: a review. IEEE Access 8:156261–156273
Liu HY (2022) "Effects of stent shape on focal hemodynamics in intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis: a simulation study with computational fluid dynamics modelling. Front Neurol 13:1067566–1067566
Liu H, Gong Y, Leng X, Xia L, Wong KS, Ou S, Shi L (2018) Estimating current and long-term risks of coronary artery in silico by fractional flow reserve, wall shear stress and low-density lipoprotein filtration rate. Biomed Phys Eng Express 4(2):025006
Liu H, Liu M, Li D, Zheng W, Yin L, Wang R (2022) Recent advances in pulse-coupled neural networks with applications in image processing. Electronics 11(20):3264. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11203264
Liu Q, Peng H, Wang Z (2022b) Convergence to nonlinear diffusion waves for a hyperbolic-parabolic chemotaxis system modelling vasculogenesis. J Differ Equ 314:251–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jde.2022.01.021
Liu H, Lan L, Abrigo J, Ip HL, Soo Y, Zheng D, Leng X (2021). Comparison of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid models in blood flow simulation in patients with intracranial arterial stenosis. Frontiers in Physiology, p 1464
Lobato A, Puech-Leao P (1998) Predictive factors for rupture of thora-coabdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg 27(3):446–453
Lu S, Yang B, Xiao Y, Liu S, Liu M, Yin L, Zheng W (2023) Iterative reconstruction of low-dose CT based on differential sparse. Biomed Signal Proce Control 79:104204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2022.104204
Lyu W, Wang Z (2023) Logistic damping effect in chemotaxis models with density-suppressed motility. Adv Nonlinear Anal 12(1):336–355. https://doi.org/10.1515/anona-2022-0263
Malvè M, Chandra S, García A, Mena A, Martínez M, Finol E, Doblaré M (2014) Impedance-based outflow boundary conditions for human carotid haemodynamics. Comput Methods Biomechan Biomed Eng. 17(11):1248–1260
Mansouri Z, Selvam RP, Chowdhury AG (2022) Maximum grid spacing effect on peak pressure computation using inflow turbulence generators. Results Eng 15:100491
Mansouri Z, Selvam RP, Chowdhury AG (2022b) Performance of different inflow turbulence methods for wind engineering applications. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 229:105141
Mansouri, Zahra, Sumit Verma, and R. Panneer Selvam. (2021) "Teaching modeling turbulent flow around building using LES turbulence method and open-source software OpenFOAM." In 2021 ASEE Midwest Section Conference.
Martu G, Gasser T, Appoo J, Di Mar E (2014) Mechano-biology in the thoracic aortic aneurysm: a review and case study. Biome-Chan Model Mechanobiol 13(5):917–928
Martu G, Forneris A, Appoo J, Di Martino E (2016) Is there a role for biomechanical engineering in helping to elucidate the risk pro le of the thoracic aorta? Ann Thorac Surg 101(1):390–398
Mirzaei Poueinak M, Abdollahi SA, Alizadeh A, Ahmadpour Youshanlui M, Zekri H, Barzegar Gerdroodbary M (2023) Computational study of blood hemodynamic in ICA aneurysm with coiling embolism. Int J Mod Phys C 34(6):2350138. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0129183123501383
Mutlu O, Olcay AB, Bilgin C, Hakyemez B (2020) Understanding the effect of effective metal surface area of flow diverter stent’s on the patient-specific intracranial aneurysm numerical model using Lagrangian coherent structures. J Clinic Neurosci 80:298–309
Pape L et al (2007) Aortic diameter 5.5 cm is not a good predictor of type a aortic dissection: observations from the international registry of acute aortic dissection (IRAD). Circulation 116(10):1120–1127
Qin X, Ban Y, Wu P, Yang B, Liu S, Yin L, Liu M, Zheng W (2022) Improved image fusion method based on sparse decomposition. Electronics 11:2321
Razavi A, Shirani E, Sadeghi M (2011) Numerical simulation of blood pulsatile flow in a stenosed carotid artery using different rheological models. J Biomech 44:2021–2030
Sadeh A, Kazemi A, Bahramkhoo M, Gerdroodbary M (2023) Computational analysis of the blood hemodynamic inside internal cerebral aneurysm in the existence of endovascular coiling. Int. J. Modern Physic C.
Sadeh A, Kazemi A, Bahramkhoo M, Barzegar Gerdroodbary M (2023) Computational study of blood flow inside MCA aneurysm with/without endovascular coiling. Sci Rep 13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31522-x
Samuel V, Beuing O, Janiga G, Berg P (2019) Stent-induced vessel deformation after intracranial aneurysm treatment–a hemodynamic pilot study. Comput Biol Med 111:103338
Sforza D, Christopher M, Cebral J (2009) Hemodynamics of cerebral aneurysms. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 41:91–107
Sheidani A, Gerdroodbary M, Poozesh A, Sabernaeemi A, Salavatidezfouli S, Hajisharifi A (2023) Influence of the coiling porosity on the risk reduction of the cerebral aneurysm rupture: computational study. Sci Rep.
Sun S, Deng P, Peng C, Ji H, Mao L, Peng L (2022) Selenium-modified chitosan induces HepG2 cell apoptosis and differential protein analysis. Cancer Manage Res. https://doi.org/10.2147/CMAR.S382546
Vande Geest J, Di Martino E, Bohra A, Makaroun M, Vorp D (2006) A biomechanics-based rupture potential index for abdominal aorticaneurysm risk assessment: Demonstrative application. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1085:11–21
Verma S, Zahra M, Panneer Selvam R (2021) Incorporating two weeks open source software lab module in CFD and fluids courses. In: 2021 ASEE Midwest Section Conference. 2021
Wang Y, Zhai W, Cheng S et al (2023) Surface-functionalized design of blood-contacting biomaterials for preventing coagulation and promoting hemostasis. Friction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-022-0710-x
Xiao-Yong S, Gerdroodbary M, Abazari A, Moradi R (2021a) Computational study of blood flow characteristics on formation of the aneurysm in internal carotid artery. Eur Phys J Plus 136(5):541
Xiao-Yong S, Gerdroodbary M, Poozesh A, Abazari A, Imani M (2021b) Effects of blood flow characteristics on rupture of cerebral aneurysm: computational study. Int J Mod Phys C 32(11):215
Xiao-Yong S, Xu H-Q, Gerdroodbary M, Mousavi S, Abazari A, Imani S (2022) Numerical simulation of blood flow effects on rupture of aneurysm in middle cerebral artery. Int J Mod Phys C 33(3):2250030
Xu L, Liang F, Zhao B, Wan J, Liu H (2018) Influence of aging-induced flow waveform variation on hemodynamics in aneurysms present at the internal carotid artery: a computational model-based study. Comput Biol Med 101:51–60
Xue F, Cheng J, Liu Y, Cheng C, Zhang M, Sui W, Zhang C (2022) Cardiomyocyte-specific knockout of ADAM17 ameliorates left ventricular remodeling and function in diabetic cardiomyopathy of mice. Signal Trans Target Therapy 7(1):259. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-01054-3
Yang Y, Shi Y, Chen D, Chen H, Liu X (2022) Bisphenol A and its analogues in paired urine and house dust from South China and implications for children’s exposure. Chemosphere 294:133701
Yang B, Li Y, Zheng W, Yin Z, Liu M, Yin L, Liu C (2023) Motion prediction for beating heart surgery with GRU. Biomed Signal Proc Control 83:104641
Zan-Hui J, Gerdroodbary M, Valipour P, Faraji M, Abu-Hamdeh N (2023) CFD investigations of the blood hemodynamic inside internal cerebral aneurysm (ICA) in the existence of coiling embolism. Alexandria Eng J
Zhang C, Li J, Xiao M, Wang D, Qu Y, Zou L, Zhang J (2022) Oral colon-targeted mucoadhesive micelles with enzyme-responsive controlled release of curcumin for ulcerative colitis therapy. Chinese Chem Lett 33(11):4924–4929
Zhang Z, Ma P, Ahmed R, Wang J, Akin D, Soto F, Demirci U (2021) Advanced point‐of‐care testing technologies for human acute respiratory virus detection. Advanced materials (Weinheim), p 2103646
Zhao D, Zeng S, Zhou H, Cai X, Wang Z, Zhang H (2022) Research on image guided path planning for gynecologic tumor thermal ablation. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 43(5):118–119
Zheng J, Yue R, Yang R, Wu Q, Wu Y, Huang M, Liao Y (2022) Visualization of Zika virus infection via a light-initiated bioorthogonal cycloaddition labeling strategy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2:1051. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.940511
Zhou L, Liu Y, Sun H, Li H, Zhang Z, Hao P (2022) Usefulness of enzyme-free and enzyme-resistant detection of complement component 5 to evaluate acute myocardial infarction. Sens Actuators, B Chem 369:132315
Funding
Open access funding provided by Chalmers University of Technology. This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
A.S. and M.B.G. wrote the main manuscript text and S.S. prepared figures and P. V did revision. All authors reviewed the manuscript
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There is no conflict of interest regarding to this manuscript.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Sabernaeemi, A., Barzegar Gerdroodbary, M., Salavatidezfouli, S. et al. Influence of stent-induced vessel deformation on hemodynamic feature of bloodstream inside ICA aneurysms. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 22, 1193–1207 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10237-023-01710-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10237-023-01710-9