Abstract
A plethora of biochemical signals provides spatial and temporal cues that carefully orchestrate the complex process of vertebrate embryonic development. The embryonic vasculature develops not only in the context of these biochemical cues, but also in the context of the biomechanical forces imparted by blood flow. In the mature vasculature, different blood flow regimes induce distinct genetic programs, and significant progress has been made toward understanding how these forces are perceived by endothelial cells and transduced into biochemical signals. However, it cannot be assumed that paradigms that govern the mature vasculature are pertinent to the developing embryonic vasculature. The embryonic vasculature can respond to the mechanical forces of blood flow, and these responses are critical in vascular remodeling, certain aspects of sprouting angiogenesis, and maintenance of arterial–venous identity. Here, we review data regarding mechanistic aspects of endothelial cell mechanotransduction, with a focus on the response to shear stress, and elaborate upon the multifarious effects of shear stress on the embryonic vasculature. In addition, we discuss emerging predictive vascular growth models and highlight the prospect of combining signaling pathway information with computational modeling. We assert that correlation of precise measurements of hemodynamic parameters with effects on endothelial cell gene expression and cell behavior is required for fully understanding how blood flow-induced loading governs normal vascular development and shapes congenital cardiovascular abnormalities.
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Abbreviations
- Alk1:
-
Activin receptor-like kinase 1
- AP-1:
-
Activator protein-1
- ASS:
-
Argininosuccinate synthase
- ATF-2:
-
Activating transcription factor-2
- CBP:
-
CREB-binding protein
- DLAV:
-
Dorsal longitudinal anastamotic vessel
- DLL4:
-
Delta-like 4
- EDHF:
-
Endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factor
- EDN:
-
Endothelin
- eNOS:
-
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- ERK:
-
Extracellular signal-related kinase
- HDAC:
-
Histone deacetylase
- HH:
-
Hamburger–Hamilton
- HMOX-1:
-
Heme oxygenase-1
- ICAM-1:
-
Intracellular adhesion molecule
- IκB:
-
Inhibitor of κB
- IKK:
-
IκB kinase
- ISV:
-
Intersegmental vessel
- Jag:
-
Jagged
- JNK:
-
Jun kinase
- KLF:
-
Krüppel-like factor
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCP-1:
-
Macrophage chemotactic protein-1
- MEF:
-
Myocyte enhancer factor
- MEK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
- miR:
-
MicroRNA
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor kappa B
- NIK:
-
NF-κB-inducing kinase
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- NRF-2:
-
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- NRP:
-
Neuropilin
- PECAM-1:
-
Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule
- PI3K:
-
Phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase
- PPAR:
-
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- PTGDS:
-
Prostaglandin D2 synthase
- RB:
-
Retinoblastoma protein
- RISC:
-
RNA-induced silencing complex
- RPSI:
-
Relative pulse slope index
- RUNX1:
-
Runt-related transcription factor 1
- SELE:
-
E-selectin
- TNNT2:
-
Cardiac troponin T2
- VCAM-1:
-
Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
- VECAD:
-
Vascular endothelial cadherin
- VEGFR2:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2
- βTRC:
-
Beta-transducin repeat-containing protein
- WSS:
-
Wall shear stress
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Funding: R01HL079108 (awarded to B.L.R.) and American Heart Association 0765284U and NSF CAREER 0954465 (awarded to K.P.).
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Roman, B.L., Pekkan, K. Mechanotransduction in embryonic vascular development. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 11, 1149–1168 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10237-012-0412-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10237-012-0412-9