Abstract
Sexual parasitism, a remarkable mode of reproduction unique to some members of the deep-sea anglerfish suborder Ceratioidei, in which males are dwarfed and become permanently attached to much larger females, is described in a number of previously unreported specimens and taxa. Although generally attributed to all ceratioids, and despite more than a sevenfold increase in the number of known parasitized females in collections throughout the world in the past 50 years, the phenomenon is surprisingly confined to few taxa within the suborder. To date, permanently attached males have been found in only 5 of the 11 ceratioid families, 10 of the 35 genera, and 23 of the 160 recognized species. Notes on taxonomic content, available material, occurrence of sexual parasitism, gravid females and ripe males, the development of eyes and nostrils of the males, the ability of males to capture and ingest food independently of the female, occurrences of multiple attachments of males to a single female, and the nature of the fusion between coupled males and females are given for each ceratioid family. This information is then summarized and discussed. Evidence is presented to reaffirm the presence of three reproductive modes: obligatory parasitism, facultative parasitism, and temporary nonparasitic attachment. Additional evidence is provided to reaffirm the hypothesis that sexual parasitism has evolved separately at least three and perhaps five or more times within the suborder.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
T Abe (1967) ArticleTitleRecords from northen Japan of two females of Ceratias holboelli each parasitized by a male Proc Jpn Acad 43 797–800
T Abe M Funabashi (1992) ArticleTitleA record of an adult female of the deep sea ceratioid anglerfish, Cryptopsaras couesi Gill, with four parasitic adult males from off Ibaraki PrefectureJapan Uo (Jpn Soc Ichthyol) 41 cover
T Abe C Nakamura (1954) ArticleTitleA record of an adult female with a supposedly parasitic male of Cryptopsaras couesi from the Pacific coast of northern Japan Jpn J Ichthyol 3 95–96
K Amaoka K Nakaya M Yabe (1995) The fishes of northern Japan (in Japanese) Kita-Nihon Kaiyo Center Sapporo
ME Anderson RW Leslie (2001) ArticleTitleReview of the deep-sea anglerfishes (Lophiiformes: Ceratioidei) of southern Africa Ichthyol Bull JLB Smith Inst Ichthyol 70 1–32
AV Balushkin VV Fedorov (1986) ArticleTitleA new species of diceratiid deepsea anglerfish, Diceratias trilobus sp. n. (Fam. Diceratiidae, Ceratioidei), from the coast of Japan (in Russian Vopr Ikhtiol 26 855–856
AV Balushkin LA Trunov (1988) ArticleTitleA new species of deep-sea anglerfish, Linophryne digitopogon sp. n. (Linophrynidae; Ceratioidea; Pisces), from the southeast Atlantic (in Russian, with English abstract Biol Morya 6 62–65
T Barbour (1941) ArticleTitleNotes on pediculate fishes Proc N Engl Zool Club 19 7–14
W Beebe (1938) ArticleTitleCeratias—siren of the deep. Through perpetual darkness the tiny male seeks out his mate and attaches himself to her spiny skin for life Bull N Y Zool Soc 41 50–53
W Beebe J Crane (1947) ArticleTitleEastern Pacific expeditions of the New York Zoological Society. XXXVII. Deep-sea ceratioid fishes Zoologica (NY) 31 151–182
G Behrmann (1974) ArticleTitleLinophryne algibarbata, ein seltener Tiefseeangler mit angewachsenem Zwergmännchen Natur Museum 104 364–366
G Behrmann (1977) ArticleTitleEin neuer Fund des Tiefseeanglers Linophryne bicornis (Pisces: Ceratioidea) aus dem Atlantik Veröff Inst Meeresforsch Bremerhav 16 93–98
E Bertelsen (1943) ArticleTitleNotes on the deep-sea angler-fish Ceratias holbölli Kr. based on specimens in the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen Vidensk Medd Dan Nathist Foren 107 185–206
E Bertelsen (1951) ArticleTitleThe ceratioid fishes. Ontogeny, taxonomy, distribution and biology Dana Rep 39 1–276
E Bertelsen (1976) ArticleTitleRecords of parasitic males of Linophryne (Pisces, Ceratioidei) Steenstrupia 4 7–18
E Bertelsen (1978) ArticleTitleNotes on linophrynids IV: a new species of deepsea anglerfish of the genus Linophryne and the first record of a parasitic male in Linophryne corymbifera (Pisces, Ceratioidei) Steenstrupia 5 25–32
E Bertelsen (1980a) ArticleTitleNotes on Linophrynidae V: a revision of the deepsea anglerfishes of the Linophryne arborifer-group (Pisces, Ceratioidei) Steenstrupia 6 29–70
E Bertelsen (1980b) ArticleTitleNotes on Linophrynidae VI: a new species of deep-sea anglerfish of the genus Linophryne, with notes on other Linophryne species with multi-stemmed barbels (Pisces, Ceratioidei) Steenstrupia 6 233–249
E Bertelsen (1981) ArticleTitleNotes on Linophrynidae VII: new records of the deepsea anglerfish Linophryne indica (Brauer, 1902), a senior synonym for Linophryne corymbifera Regan and Trewavas, 1932 (Pisces, Ceratioidei Steenstrupia 7 1–14
E Bertelsen (1982) ArticleTitleNotes on Linophrynidae VIII: a review of the genus Linophryne, with new records and descriptions of two new species Steenstrupia 8 49–104
E Bertelsen (1983) ArticleTitleFirst records of metamorphosed males of the families Diceratiidae and Centrophrynidae (Pisces, Ceratioidei) Steenstrupia 8 309–315
E Bertelsen (1984) Ceratioidei development and relationships HG Moser WJ Richards DM Cohen MP Fahay AW Kendall SuffixJr SL Richardson (Eds) Ontogeny and systematics of fishes. Special publication 1 American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Lawrence, KS 325–334
E Bertelsen G Krefft (1988) ArticleTitleThe ceratioid family Himantolophidae (Pisces, Lophiiformes) Steenstrupia 14 9–89
E Bertelsen TW Pietsch (1983) ArticleTitleThe ceratioid anglerfishes of Australia Rec Aust Mus 35 77–99
E Bertelsen TW Pietsch (1996) ArticleTitleRevision of the deep-sea anglerfish genus Lasiognathus (Lophiiformes: Thaumatichthyidae), with the description of a new species Copeia 1996 401–409
E Bertelsen TW Pietsch (1998) ArticleTitleRevision of the deep-sea anglerfish genus Rhynchactis Regan (Lophiiformes: Gigantactinidae), with descriptions of two new species Copeia 1998 583–590
E Bertelsen J-C Quéro (1981) ArticleTitleCapture au large du maroc de Centrophryne spinulosa Regan et Trewavas, 1932 (Pisces, Lophiiformes, Centrophrynidae), espèce nouvelles pour l’Atlantique nord-est Cybium 13 192
E Bertelsen PJ Struhsaker (1977) ArticleTitleThe ceratioid fishes of the genus Thaumatichthys: osteology, relationships, distribution, and biology Galathea Rep 14 7–40
E Bertelsen TW Pietsch RJ Lavenberg (1981) ArticleTitleCeratioid anglerfishes of the family Gigantactinidae: morphology, systematics, and distribution Nat Hist Mus Los Ang Cty Contrib Sci 332 vi
HB Bigelow T Barbour (1944) ArticleTitleA new giant ceratioid fish Proc N Engl Zool Club 23 9–15
RW Blacker (1972) ArticleTitleEnglish observations on rare fishes in 1970 Cons Int Explor Mer Ann Biol Copenh 27 193–195
A Brauer (1902) ArticleTitleDiagnosen von neuen Tiefseefischen, welche von der Valdivia-Expedition gesammelt sind Zool Anz 25 IssueID688 277–298
R Collett (1886) ArticleTitleOn a new pediculate fish from the sea off Madeira Proc Zool Soc Lond 1886 138–143
MH Du Buit J Gueguen D Latrouite JC Quéro (1980) ArticleTitleObservations française sur les poissons rares en 1978 Cons Int Explor Mer Ann Biol Copenh 35 250–252
TN Fast (1957) ArticleTitleThe occurrence of the deep-sea anglerfish, Cryptopsaras couesi, in Monterey Bay, California Copeia 1957 237–240
JE Fitch (1973) ArticleTitleThe second record of the giant seadevil, Ceratias holboelli, from California, with notes on its life history Bull South Calif Acad Sci 72 164
Gill TN (1883) Deep-sea fishing fishes. Forest and Stream Nov 8, 1883, p 284
O Gon (1992) ArticleTitleA new deep-sea anglerfish of the genus Linophryne (Teleostei: Ceratioidei) from the central equatorial Pacific Ocean Micronesica 25 137–143
GB Goode TH Bean (1886) ArticleTitleOceanic ichthyology, a treatise on the deep-sea and pelagic fishes of the world, based chiefly upon the collections made by the steamers Blake, Albatross, and Fish Hawk in the northwestern Atlantic US Natl Mus Spec Bull 2 1–553
PH Greenwood DE Rosen SH Weitzman GS Myers (1966) ArticleTitlePhyletic studies of teleostean fishes, with a provisional classification of living forms Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 131 339–456
ACLG Günther (1864) ArticleTitleOn a new genus of pediculate fish from the sea of Madeira Proc Zool Soc Lond 1864 301–303
ACLG Günther (1887) ArticleTitleReport on the deep-sea fishes collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876 Rep Sci Res Voy Challenger Zool 22 1–335
PJ Herring (2002) The biology of the deep ocean Oxford University Press Oxford
H-C Ho K-T Shao (2004) ArticleTitleNew species of deep-sea ceratioid anglerfish, Oneirodes pietschi (Lophiiformes: Oneirodidae), from the North Pacific Ocean Copeia 2004 74–77
A Jespersen (1984) ArticleTitleSpermatozoans from a parasitic dwarf male of Neoceratias spinifer Pappenheim, 1914 Vidensk Medd Dan Nathist Foren 145 37–42
G Jónsson (1967) ArticleTitleSjaldsédur fiskur veidist vid Graenland Ægir 60 316–317
G Jónsson J Pálsson (1999) ArticleTitleFishes of the suborder Ceratioidei (Pisces: Lophiiformes) in Icelandic and adjacent waters Rit Fiskid 16 197–207
G Jónsson J Magnússon JV Magnússon (1986) ArticleTitleRare fishes: Icelandic observations on rare fish in 1983 Cons Int Explor Mer Ann Biol Copenh 40 185–187
M Kottelat C Vidthayanon (1993) ArticleTitleBoraras micros, a new genus and species of minute freshwater fish from Thailand (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) Ichthyol Explor Freshw 4 161–176
PL Kramp (1953) Pelagic fauna AF Brunn S Greve H Mielche R Spärck (Eds) The Galathea Deep Sea Expedition 1950–1952, described by members of the expedition (translated from the Danish by R. Spink) Allen and Unwin London 65–86
G Krefft (1961) ArticleTitleRare fish: Germany Cons Int Explor Mer Ann Biol Copenh 16 90–91
HN Krøyer (1845) ArticleTitleIchthyologiske bidrag (Fortsaettelse). 10. Ceratias holboelli Kr Naturh Tidsskr 1884–1845 IssueID2 639–649
AE Leviton RH Gibbs SuffixJr E Heal CE Dawson (1985) ArticleTitleStandards in herpetology and ichthyology: Part I. Standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology Copeia 1985 802–832
NB Marshall (1967a) ArticleTitleThe olfactory organs of bathypelagic fishes Symp Zool Soc Lond 19 57–70
Marshall NB (1967b) The organization of deep-sea fishes. In: Bayer FM, Idyll CP, Jones JI, Koczy FF, Myrberg AA, Robins CR, Smith FGW, Vos GL, Wood EJF, Jensen AC (eds) Proceedings of the International Conference on Tropical Oceanography, 17–24 November 1965, Miami Beach, Florida Stud Trop Oceanogr (Miami) 5:473–479
K Matsubara (1955) Fish morphology and hierarchy: Part II (in Japanese) Ishizaki Shoten Tokyo
GE Maul (1961) ArticleTitleThe ceratioid fishes in the collection of the Museu Municipal do Funchal (Melanocetidae, Himantolophidae, Oneirodidae, Linophrynidae) Bol Mus Mun Funchal 14 87–159
GW Mead E Bertelsen DM Cohen (1964) ArticleTitleReproduction among deep-sea fishes Deep-Sea Res 11 569–596
J Moore KE Hartel JE Craddock J Galbraith (2003) ArticleTitleAn annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records Northeast Nat 10 159–248
O Munk (1964) ArticleTitleThe eyes of some ceratioid fishes Dana Rep 62 1–17
O Munk (1966) ArticleTitleOcular anatomy of some deep-sea teleosts Dana Rep 70 1–62
O Munk (1992) ArticleTitleAccessory escal gland (AEG) in some deep-sea anglerfishes Acta Zool 73 33–37
O Munk (2000) ArticleTitleHistory of the fusion area between the parasitic male and the female in the deep-sea anglerfish Neoceratias spinifer Pappenheim, 1914 (Teleostei, Ceratioidei) Acta Zool (Stockh) 81 315–324
O Munk E Bertelsen (1983) ArticleTitleHistology of the attachment between the parasitic male and the female in the deep-sea anglerfish Haplophryne mollis (Brauer, 1902) (Pisces, Ceratioidei Vidensk Medd Dan Nathist Foren 144 49–74
Y Ni (1988) Lophiiformes BibInstitutionalEditorNameDeep water fishes of the East China Sea editorial subcommittee (Eds) The deep water fishes of the East China Sea (in Chinese, with English abstracts) Xue Lin Shanghai 316–336
JR Norman PH Greenwood (1975) A history of fishes EditionNumber3rd edn. Wiley New York
R Olsson (1974) ArticleTitleEndocrine organs of a parasitic male deep-sea angler-fish, Edriolychnus schmidti Acta Zool 55 225–232
JW Orr (1991) ArticleTitleA new species of the ceratioid anglerfish genus Oneirodes (Oneirodidae) from the western North Atlantic, with a revised key to the genus Copeia 1991 1024–1031
NV Parin VE Becker OD Borodulina ES Karmovskaya BI Fedoryako JN Shcherbachev GN Pokhilskaya VM Tchuvassov (1977) ArticleTitleMidwater fishes in the western tropical Pacific Ocean and the seas of the Indo-Australian Archipelago (in Russian, with English abstract) Trans Shirshov Inst Oceanogr 107 68–188
AE Parr (1930a) ArticleTitleOn the osteology and classification of the pediculate fishes of the genera Aceratias, Rhynchoceratias, Haplophryne, Laevoceratias, Allector, and Lipactis, with taxonomic and osteological description of Rhynchoceratias longipinna, new species, and a special discussion of the rostral structures of the Aceratiidae Occas Pap Bingh Oceanogr Coll Yale Univ 3 1–23
AE Parr (1930b) ArticleTitleOn the probable identity, life-history and anatomy of the free-living and attached males of the ceratioid fishes Copeia 1930 129–135
AE Parr (1932) ArticleTitleOn a deep-sea devilfish from New England waters and the peculiar life and looks of its kind Bull Bost Soc Nat Hist 63 3–16
JR Paxton (1998) Squirrelfishes and their allies JR Paxton WN Eschmeyer (Eds) Encyclopedia of fishes EditionNumber2nd edn. Weldon Owen McMahons Point, New South Wales 160–164
MJ Penrith (1967) ArticleTitleCeratioid angler-fishes from South Africa J Nat Hist 1 185–188
TW Pietsch (1972) ArticleTitleA review of the monotypic deep-sea anglerfish family Centrophrynidae: taxonomy, distribution, and osteology Copeia 1972 17–47
Pietsch TW (1973) A new genus and species of deep-sea anglerfish (Pisces: Oneirodidae) from the northern Pacific Ocean. Copeia 1973:193–199
TW Pietsch (1974) ArticleTitleOsteology and relationships of ceratioid anglerfishes of the family Oneirodidae, with a review of the genus Oneirodes Lütken Nat Hist Mus Los Ang Cty Sci Bull 18 1–113
TW Pietsch (1975) ArticleTitlePrecocious sexual parasitism in the deep-sea ceratioid anglerfish Cryptopsaras couesi Gill Nature (Lond) 256 38–40 Occurrence Handle10.1038/256038a0
TW Pietsch (1976) ArticleTitleDimorphism, parasitism and sex: reproductive strategies among deep-sea ceratioid anglerfishes Copeia 1976 781–793
TW Pietsch (1978) ArticleTitleA new genus and species of deep-sea anglerfish from the eastern North Pacific Ocean, with a review of the allied genera Leptacanthichthys, Chirophryne, and Ctenochirichthys (family Oneirodidae) Nat Hist Mus Los Ang Cty Contrib Sci 297 1–25
TW Pietsch (1979) ArticleTitleCeratioid anglerfishes of the family Caulophrynidae with the description of a new genus and species from the Banda Sea Nat Hist Mus Los Ang Cty Contrib Sci 310 1–25
TW Pietsch (1984) Lophiiformes: development and relationships HG Moser WJ Richards DM Cohen MP Fahay AW Kendall SuffixJr SL Richardson (Eds) Ontogeny and systematics of fishes. Special publication 1 American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Lawrence, KS 320–325
TW Pietsch (1986) ArticleTitleSystematics and distribution of bathypelagic anglerfishes of the family Ceratiidae (Order: Lophiiformes) Copeia 1986 479–493
TW Pietsch (2004) ArticleTitleRevision of the deep-sea anglerfish genus Phyllorhinichthys Pietsch (Lophiiformes: Ceratioidei: Oneirodidae), with the description of a new species from the Atlantic Ocean Copeia 2004 797–803
TW Pietsch (2005) ArticleTitleA new species of the ceratioid anglerfish genus Lasiognathus Regan (Lophiiformes: Thaumatichthyidae) from the Eastern North Atlantic off Madeira Copeia 2005 77–81
TW Pietsch DB Grobecker (1987) Frogfishes of the world: systematics, zoogeography, and behavioral ecology Stanford University Press Stanford, CA
TW Pietsch BG Nafpaktitis (1971) ArticleTitleA male Melanocetus johnsoni attached to a female Centrophryne spinulosa (Pisces: Ceratioidei) Copeia 1971 322–324
TW Pietsch JE Randall (1987) ArticleTitleFirst Indo-Pacific occurrence of the deepsea ceratioid anglerfish, Diceratias pileatus (Lophiiformes: Diceratiidae) Jpn J Ichthyol 33 419–421
TW Pietsch JP Van Duzer (1980) ArticleTitleSystematics and distribution of ceratioid anglerfishes of the family Melanocetidae, with description of a new species from the eastern North Pacific Ocean US Fish Bull 78 59–87
TW Pietsch H-C Ho H-M Hong (2004) ArticleTitleRevision of the deep-sea anglerfish genus Bufoceratias Whitley (Lophiiformes: Ceratioidei: Diceratiidae), with description of a new species from the Indo-West Pacific Ocean Copeia 2004 98–107
VP Ponomarenko (1959) ArticleTitleRare deep-sea fish of the North Atlantic Priroda Moscow 2 83–85
CT Regan (1912) ArticleTitleThe classification of the teleostean fishes of the order Pediculati Ann Mag Nat Hist (Ser 8) 9 277–289
CT Regan (1925a) ArticleTitleA rare angler fish (Ceratias holbolli) from Iceland Naturalist 1925 41–42
CT Regan (1925b) ArticleTitleDwarfed males parasitic on the females in oceanic angler-fishes (Pediculati, Ceratioidea) Proc R Soc Lond B 97 386–400
CT Regan (1925c) ArticleTitleNew ceratioid fishes from the N. Atlantic, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Panama, collected by the “Dana” Ann Mag Nat Hist (Ser 8) 8 561–567
CT Regan (1926) ArticleTitleThe pediculate fishes of the suborder Ceratioidea Dana Oceanogr Rep 2 1–45
CT Regan (1930a) ArticleTitleAngler-fishes Proc R Inst Gr B 26 211–217
CT Regan (1930b) ArticleTitleA ceratioid fish (Caulophryne polynema, sp. n.), female with male, from off Madeira J Linn Soc Lond 37 191–195
CT Regan E Trewavas (1932) ArticleTitleDeep-sea anglerfish (Ceratioidea) Dana Rep 2 1–113
TR Roberts (1986) ArticleTitleDanionella translucida, a new genus and species of cyprinid fish from Burma, one of the smallest living vertebrates Environ Biol Fishes 16 231–241 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00842977
B Saemundsson (1922) ArticleTitleZoologiske meddelelser fra Island. XIV. 11 Fiske, nye for Island, og supplerende om andre, tidligere kendte Vidensk Medd Dan Nathist Foren 74 159–201
B Saemundsson (1927) ArticleTitleZoologiske meddelelser fra Island. XV. 6 Fiske, nye for Island, og Tilføjelser om andre, tidligere kendte Vidensk Medd Dan Nathist Foren 84 151–187
B Saemundsson (1939) ArticleTitleZoologiske meddelelser fra Island. XVII. 6 Fiske, nye for Island, og Tilføjelser om andre, tidligere kendte Vidensk Medd Dan Nathist Foren 102 183–212
T Saruwatari TW Pietsch AM Shedlock I Oohara K Itaya T Chiyotani M Abe K Ishihara A Sakai A Sugawara T Inagaki K Ishida T Komatsu T Sakai T Kobayashi (2001) ArticleTitleSibling analysis between female and parasitic males of a ceratioid anglerfish (Cryptopsaras couesi, Ceratiidae, Teleostei) (in Japanese DNA Polymorphism 9 82–85
AM Shedlock TW Pietsch MG Haygood P Bentzen M Hasegawa (2004) ArticleTitleMolecular systematics and life history evolution of anglerfishes (Teleostei: Lophiiformes): evidence from mitochondrial DNA Steenstrupia (Copenh) 28 129–144
HH Shoemaker (1958) ArticleTitleA female ceratioid angler, Cryptopsaras couesi Gill, from the Gulf of Mexico, bearing three parasitic males Copeia 1958 143–145
HM Smith L Radcliffe (1912) ArticleTitleScientific results of the Philippine Cruise of the fisheries steamer “Albatross,” 1907–1910, no. 20. Description of a new family of pediculate fishes from Celebes Proc U S Natl Mus 42 579–581
AL Stewart TW Pietsch (1998) ArticleTitleThe ceratioid anglerfishes (Lophiiformes: Ceratioidei) of New Zealand J R Soc N Z 28 1–37
S Tanaka (1908) ArticleTitleNotes on some rare fishes of Japan, with description of two new genera and six new species J Coll Sci Imp Univ Tokyo 23 1–24
T Ueno (1966) ArticleTitleFishes of Hokkaido. 22. Anglerfishes, frogfishes, and deep-sea anglerfishes (Ceratioidei) (in Japanese Hokusuishi Geppo 23 532–541
T Ueno K Abe (1967) ArticleTitleDeep-sea anglerfishes taken from off Kushiro, Hokkaido, Japan (in Japanese) Hokusuishi Geppo 24 274–279
KR Uwate (1979) ArticleTitleRevision of the anglerfish family Diceratiidae, with descriptions of two new species Copeia 1979 129–144
TH Waterman (1939) ArticleTitleStudies of deep-sea angler-fishes (Ceratioidea). I. An historical survey of our present state of knowledge Bull Mus Comp Zool Harv Univ 85 65–81
W Watson HJ Walker SuffixJr (2004) ArticleTitleThe world’s smallest vertebrate, Schindleria brevipinguis, a new paedomorphic species in the family Schindleriidae (Perciformes: Gobioidei) Rec Aust Mus 56 139–142
SH Weitzman RP Vari (1988) ArticleTitleMiniaturization in South American freshwater fishes; an overview and discussion Proc Biol Soc Wash 101 444–465
GP Whitley (1931) ArticleTitleNew names for Australian fishes Aust Zool 6 310–334
W Wickler (1961) ArticleTitleÜber die Paarbildung der Tiefsee-angler Natur Volk Ber Senckenb Naturf Gesells 91 381–390
R Winterbottom AR Emery (1981) ArticleTitleA new genus and two new species of gobiid fishes (Perciformes) from the Chagos Archipelago, central Indian Ocean Environ Biol Fishes 6 139–149
RE Young CFE Roper (1977) ArticleTitleIntensity regulation of bioluminescence during countershading in living mid-water animals US Fish Bull 75 239–252
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Pietsch, T. Dimorphism, parasitism, and sex revisited: modes of reproduction among deep-sea ceratioid anglerfishes (Teleostei: Lophiiformes). Ichthyol Res 52, 207–236 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-005-0286-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-005-0286-2